The making of Doctor Zhivago

Arguably one of the most famous epic films of the last fifty years, David Lean’s 1965 adaptation of Boris Pasternak’s novel Doctor Zhivago still continues to garner acclaim world-wide and was recently voted number thirty-nine in the recent AFI (American Film Institute) poll of the best hundred films of all time (‘100 films, 100 years’ www. AFI. com ), yet the road to the silver screen was not a smooth one.That the novel itself was ever published is the result of both luck, determination and civil disobedience. Semi-autobiographical in nature, an attempt perhaps on Pasternak’s behalf to make sense of some of the horrors he witnessed during the Russian Revolution, even though his limp prevented his being called for active service, Pasternak’s own love of art, beauty and poetry and the ability to discover those things even in a land shadowed by tragedy was mirrored in his protagonist Yuri Zhivago.Like Zhivago, Pasternak’s own poetry, while affording him a highly respected reputation also resulted in problems with the politicians of the day, with his 1932 autobiographical poem ‘Spectorsky’ resulting in accusations of anti-sociability and leading him to concentrate his time thereafter mainly to the translation of foreign playwrights and poets. (Press Book, Doctor Zhivago, Turner Entertainment Co).Although parts of Doctor Zhivago were written during the revolution, and also into the 1920s (Wikipedia) it was not until 1954 that the completed novel was to be ready for publication, originally submitted to (and declined by) the Russian journal Novyi mir, the manuscript was smuggled out of the country in 1957 by the Italian publisher Giacomo Feltrinelli , who despite receiving orders form the communist Russian government to return the manuscript unprinted, published the novel in Russian, with English and Italian translations appearing the following year.Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 195 8, but like his hero Zhivago, could not conceive of leaving his beloved Russia and so, due to the communist principles of the ruling state was forced to decline his prize, explaining ‘I am bound to Russia by my birth, my life and my work. For me to leave my country would be to die. ’ (Press Book, Doctor Zhivago, Turner Entertainment Co). Pasternak was to die just two years later, eighteen years before his magnum opus was be published in his home nation.Acclaimed British film director David Lean, known for such masterpieces as ‘The Bridge Over the River Kwai’ and ‘Lawrence Of Arabia’ saw in Pasternak’s story more than simply a story about the Russian revolution, but a highly complex love story, what he himself termed as ‘†¦the drama, the horror, the turbulence of the Revolution simply provides the canvas against which is told a moving and highly personal love story. ’ (Press Book, Doctor Zhivago, Turner Entertainment Co) .With an estimated budget of eleven million dollars, filming took place between December 1964 and October 1965 with a principle cast including Omar Sharif, Julie Christie, Geraldine Chaplin, Tom Courtenyy and Rod Stieger. (IMDb) The press book for the film claims that over a six month period, around 780 men, including 120 carpenters were responsible for transforming a ten acre area of the Madrid suburb of Canillas into an accurate representation of Revolutionary Moscow.Filming for the demonstration scene, and the revolutionary chanting accompanying it was said to have been so convincing that local residents at first thought that the demonstration was real and that Spanish Dictator Generalissimo Franco had been deposed, leading to subsequent filming of the scene to be closely monitored by the police. (IMDb)The two other most famous locations in the film could be said to be the ‘ice palace’ at Varakyno which in reality was fashioned from a specially formed type of wax and the snowy plains of Finland doubling for the Russian Steppes, shown during the long train journey which lead in turn to one of the film industries most famous urban legends – namely that a stuntwoman fell under the train during filming, losing both of her legs. (Snopes.com) In reality though, although she did indeed fall, and was injured, the injuries were not severe and she returned three weeks later to re-shoot the scene. Above all else though, what is remembered about the film itself is the love triangle of three ordinary people just trying to make sense of love, life and the terrible times they are living in and although the premise of the film itself is in no way a happy one, it stands as a testament to the endurance of the human spirit.References: Doctor Zhivago Special Edition 2 disc DVD (Warner Home Video) IMDb – The Internet Movie Database – http://www. imdb. com Wikipedia – http://www. en. wikipedia. org Press Book, Doctor Zhivago, Turner Enter tainment Co – From the BFI (British Film Institute) http://lean. bfi. org. uk/material. php? theme=1&type=Press%20Book&title=zhivago&folder=dr_zhivago_1&fcount=2 American Film Institute (AFI) http://www. AFI. com Snopes. com – http://www. snopes. com

Modern Management Essay

Today, individuals are sometimes naà ¯ve to believe that modern management is a result of recent practices, theories, and ideas. Some believe the general structure of management and how human resources are carefully planned is the direct result of today’s contributors. They are erroneous to believe such. This commentary will explore the histories of management while cultivating the reader concerning the development of modern management and supervision as it is the result of the evolution of management that began in the nineteenth century involving slavery, railroads, and legal issues. Assignment 1.2 – Development of Modern Management Modern management has a distinctive composition consisting of managers, administrative practices, personnel, and capital. Many individuals are naà ¯ve in their perception of today’s management believing it is a direct result of recent practices, theories, and concepts; however, historians argue differently. Historians have taken readers on a journey through the history of management, while educating people concerning the management of slaves, railroads, and legal issues – the pillars of modern-day management. Slavery â€Å"American slavery has been wrongfully excluded from histories of management. By 1860, when the historical orthodoxy has modern management emerging on the railroads, 38,000 managers were managing the 4 million slaves working in the US economy.† (Cooke, 2003) Slave trade greatly influenced the management era. Slaves were responsible for farming, construction, irrigation, housekeeping, child-care, cooking, and much more. This surplus of human resources and capital required managers which eventually led divisions of management. Slave owners hired managers to supervise the slaves while wives oftentimes supervised slaves who worked as housekeepers and cooks. Managers were responsible for setting the expectations of the slaves and theirrespective daily duties. Slave owners oftentimes delegated authority and responsibilities to the manager who in-turn commanded the workers. Although slave management contributed to modern management practices, it has not been viewed by many histor ians to be a form of management. â€Å"Throughout the era of slavery the Negro was treated in a very inhuman fashion. He was considered a thing to be used, not a person to be respected. He was merely a depersonalized cog in a vast plantation machine.† (Cooke, 2003) The treatment of slaves and the criticism of such behavior as seen today have led many individuals to overlook slave management as a contribution to modern principles and ideas. Many historians prefer to give more credit to the railroads. â€Å"Of course, such a history would equally challenge any version of the history of management which explicitly or otherwise excludes slavery.† (Cooke, 2003) Slavery brought about new and innovative ideas regarding human resources. Slaves worked the plantations, which sometimes were hundreds of acres, and they were managed by individuals designated by the owner. Managing slaves required a great deal of time management, conflict resolution, capital expenditures, and even slave trading. â€Å"The chain of command went upwards from drivers to overseers to masters. Always there was obedience. † (Cooke, 2003) The management of slaves required a chain of command to be operational. Slaves answered to their overseer and overseers answered to their masters. This form of organizational structure allowed for delegation, communication, and duties to flow smoothly. In comparison, modern management structure is quite similar in nature. For example, McDonalds franchise has such a structure. For example, crew members are tasked with the job of handling customer orders, cooking, and cleaning and they answer to a shift leader. The shift leader is responsible for ensuring the crew works diligently and effectively. The shift leader answers to the assistant manager or store manager who is responsible for the overall mission of the store. The store manager would report to the owner or in the case of slavery – master. â€Å"The slaveowner urges the slave to ‘be a man’ and commands the slaves to put things to rights. They gathered around him in their helplessness, trusting implicitly in his judgment, receiving his rapid comprehensive orders† (Cooke, 2003). Likewise, modern management structure delegate managers to encourage and motivate employees to work more effectively and sometimes harder. Although there are compelling reason s whyhistorians choose not to regard the management of slaves as a contribution to modern management, the fact remains that slave owners contributed to the body of knowledge concerning management. Yes, many would agree that slavery was cruel and involved unusual punishment and treatment, but it helped shaped today’s management. †¦it is shown slavery is included within capitalism by many historians; we also see plantations as a site of the emergence of industrial discipline. Second, ante-bellum slavery is demonstrated to have been managed according to classical management and Taylorian principles. Third, those doing the managing are shown to have been employed at the time as ‘managers’. In the idea of the manger, and of scientific and classical management slavery has therefore left an ongoing imprint in management practice and thought. A strong argument is made for not just for postcolonisalist accounts of management, but for management histories in which anti-African-American racism is a continuing strand. The fundamental significance of the article however is its identification of slavery as of intrinsic, but hitherto denied, relevance to management s tudies. (Cooke, 2003) There are many compelling reasons why historians choose to ignore the management of slaves as a contribution to the evolution of management. Some think it will stir up some sort of controversy. Slavery was not the only major contributor to the evolution of management. Railroads  Like slavery, the railroads played a significant role in the evolution of management. â€Å"The railroads had to be innovators in many of the ways of modern corporate management†¦railroad managers were forced to work out the basic methods of communication and control essential to the operations of the modern business corporation.† (Chandler, 1965) Unlike many other industries during 1850’s, the railroads were faced with new challenges that required innovative management and administrative ideas. In an effort to sustain business, the railroads had to devise ways to resolve issues efficiently and effectively. â€Å"The railroaders were innovators not because they were necessarily more perceptive, energetic, or imaginative than other contemporary businessmen, but rather because they were the first to face the challenge of handling efficiently large amounts of men, money, and materials within a single business unit.† (Chandler, 1965) The size and co mplexity of the railroads forced the managers of railroads to be pioneers of management. The railroads required more operating expenses and start-up costs than any other industry during that time. Size was only one dimension of the unique challenges facing managers of the new, large railroads in the 1850’s. Their day-to-day operations called for far many more and far more complex decisions than did the working of a mill, canal, or a steamship line. Unlike a textile company, whose group of mills could be viewed within half an hour, a railroad was spread over hundreds of miles and included a wide variety of activities and facilities such as shops, terminals, stations, warehouses, office buildings†¦and so forth†¦So every day railroad managers had to make decisions controlling the activities of many men to whom they rarely talked or even ever saw. (Chandler, 1965) The railroad managers pioneered corporate management through their skillful use of time, communication, transportation, capital, and human resources. Many new positions within the organization were created to aid management. For example, chief clerks, senior financial officers, and secretaries were just a few positions crafted to help sustain the organization. The chief clerks and financial officers helped the organization use time and finances effectively. In comparison to slavery, the railroads had an unparallel influence on modern management through the use of innovation. Legal Construction Similar to the contributions of slavery and railroad management, legal construction played a role in the evolution of management. During the 1830’s, many industrial plants were ‘on the rise’, which led to the creation of many new employment opportunities. The industrial revolution offered jobs to the working-class, while also offering dangerous work environments. Many individuals were employed in factories with large mechanical machines. Although these machines helped the company with productivity and efficiency, they posed a tremendous amount of safety and health risks. Many companies were faced with unprecedented lawsuits as a result of employee injuries. The suit mounted by Gilham Banes was the first of a flood of suits alleging that employers were legally obliged to compensate employees for injuries arising in the course of their employment that came before American courts in the quarter century prior to the Civil War. This new phenomenon of employer liability suits marked a decisive moment in American labor and legal history, for it confronted courts with a demand that they impose on employers a clear legal obligation to safeguard their employees’ present and future earning capacity commensurate with the employer’s claim to the employees’ obedience on the job. (Tomlins, 1988) Conclusion Although many historians disagree, the management of slavery made many important contributions to modern management. Through the use of many positions such as overseers and masters, slave owners were able to manage thousands of slaves in different capacities. Many individuals choose to disregard the management of slavery on the basis of racism and the bad criticism surround it; however, the management of slavery has shaped management as many know it today. The railroads also made huge contributions to modern management. Positions such as clerks and financial officers are still widely used today to sustain business operations. The managers of railroads were able to communicate over long distances and keep business operational. Legal construction, like railroads and slavery, helped shaped the management structure. Employers now abide by laws that protect workers against harm on the job. Many historians rate different industries as contributing the most to modern management, but slavery , railroads, and legal construction has shaped management in an unparallel way. References Chandler, A. D. (1965). The railroads: Pioneers in modern corporate management. The Business History Review, 39(1), 16-40. Cooke, B. (2003). The denial of slavery in management studies. Journal of Management Studies, 40(8), 1895-1918. Tomlins, C. L. (1988). The mysterious power: Industrial accidents and the legal construction of employment relations in Massachusetts, 1800-1850. Law and History Review, 6(2), 375-438.

Business Essays – Entrepreneurship Pancake Cereal

Business Essays Entrepreneurship Pancake Cereal Entrepreneurship Pancake Cereal Business Model / Mo’s Pancake and Cereal Bar Introduction Entrepreneurship is a thriving activity in the United States, as well as globally. Increasing numbers of people are deciding to implement their dreams of business ownership. There are between three and five million entrepreneurial business ventures undertaken annually within the United States. Eighty-four percent of those starting a new business venture are first-time entrepreneurs (Zimmerer however, 64% of small businesses fail within six years (Zimmerer and as a result, starting a new business is no longer perceived as particularly risky. In light of this favorable environment for entrepreneurial activity, the success of a new business venture, Mo’s Pancake and Cereal Bar (MPCB), located in the vibrant and historical downtown district of Grapevine, Texas, seems particularly promising. Elements of several relevant disciplines will play a vital role in the success or failure o f this particular venture. By taking advantage of the perspectives of these particular disciplines, it should be possible to integrate their insights in order to create a viable business plan that will result in the ultimate success of Mo’s Pancake and Cereal Bar (Repko, 2005). There are a wide range of disciplines that could contribute to the creation of a successful business plan for MPCB. Some of these disciplines include architecture, business administration, education, history, political science, sociology, and urban planning and development. Three disciplines have been identified as those making the greatest contribution: urban planning and development, architecture and the subfield of interior design, and business with an emphasis on small business management. An understanding of urban planning and development will be necessary to ensure a business plan that is that is in keeping with the overall goals and the long-term development plans of the city of Grapevine. Urban planning and development plays a key role in understanding patterns of growth and its resulting economic implications (McCarthy, 2007). The ownership and management of MPCB must understand the significance of community goals and the importance of these goals on the ultimate success of MPCB. As an organization, MPCB should develop strong ties with city government and take an active part in promoting its development. One way it can do this is by taking part in such activities as Main Street Days , Grapefest , and various holiday festivities held annually in the city of Grapevine.

A description of the values of the 1960s and compared to the values of Essay

A description of the values of the 1960s and compared to the values of today - Essay Example To discuss it further, changes with the values of the society has been notably noticed thus, this paper aims to compare the past and present and then evaluating it through a good reflection of it. A good example for this comparative reflection paper is the television shows â€Å"Leave it to Beaver† of 1960s and the â€Å"Family Guy† of today. Both television shows focus on the story of a certain family. However, these two shows do not portray the traditional type of a family but rather the dysfunctional one. â€Å"Leave it to Beaver†, is under the production where in black and white features are visible. It is pretty obvious that this show has been quite old as well. The way characters act was somehow different and so the film style (such as sound effects, camera tricks and so on) that they had. This show represents the society where in simplicity with fun is the main goal. It is a good thing that they made the show as a contrast of what an ideal family really is so that they could get the people’s attention towards their show. Dysfunctional scenes and actions that were seen during the show are not so deeply intense that children would misinterpret it. It was just like simple immature things that Beaver did thus, making its viewers laugh. This shows that during 1960s, the values of the people are very interactive and simple. They are not so liberated about the world. The culture was not yet abuse in terms of too much immorality that people do. On the other hand, â€Å"Family Guy† discusses the values of the society today. Family Guy is a cartoon show that also portrays family dysfunctions. Just like Leave it to Beaver, it also has its main goal that is to get the attention of every family through a clear and fun demonstration of what the society of today really are. It is more liberated and straight forward of the current happenings with regards with the people’s society. Both television shows showed what type of society they have during their

Love and Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Love and Justice - Essay Example The author stimulates the belief that the answer is in the reader and not the writer. The balance of love and justice is an individual tenet that is modified by reason, situation, and values. The study of ethics is of no value if we do not apply it to our own life. Applying the contradictions of love and justice can be a difficult task when confronted by a loved one who we perceive as in need of justice. At the ends of the spectrum, justice implies the distribution of punishment based on the crime and love demands that all is forgiven. The crime need not be specific and the relationship does not need to be defined. Love, especially erotic love, will hold justice at bay and tend to make the object of one's affections immune from harm. This understanding is the beginning of putting the ethical standards to work. There is a battle on the senses when we are conflicted between the compassionate soul and the revengeful mind. The demand for reciprocity in love is in itself an act of calculation and falls outside what Kant and others call a pure act of love. There can be no request for reciprocal action in the case of real love. As the golden rule instructs us to love only when we are loved in return, the commandment of loving God can also be seen as an evolution of the natural love we feel for a mate. We are continually ordered to love me or love God. Yet, as Ricoeur says, it is only the "expression of the tyranny of the superego over the affective sphere".1 It is in this realm that love gets metered and parceled out and in doing so becomes simply one more aspect of our overall emotion. Bringing the nature of love and justice into a single feeling can best be shown by example. If we meet a stranger who is in need of food or housing, helping the person with no expectation of return is an act of love. Helping the person with an expectation of being paid back at a future date is the anticipation of justice. However, we may look for a return on our investment from a more spiritual plane and expect the grace of God to be returned for the act of kindness. The expectation of justice diminishes the value of love. No matter what the outcome of the act is, whether returned in direct compensation, indirectly through grace, or no acknowledgment at all, it is still an act of justice. Justice, in God's eyes is not for the observer to measure. Powles (1998) contends that it is only the whole and healthy personality that is able to evaluate these conflicts and gain a moral barometer in the context of religion.2 The fairness and the equality of the universe will always be reached th rough the laws of God. Love can be evaluated, and if there is a demand for return, it can not be real love. It is simply an act of kindness or sterile business deal with terms and conditions. Finding the balance between love and justice is a balancing act only if we proceed from an idea that we deserve a quid pro quo for love. Values and reason should dictate that our search for love transcends our need for justice. If we seek equality for real spiritual love, it becomes a demand that immediately removes the spiritual quality of true love. Our senses may battle for justice and it is easy to be drawn into that arena by the material values we place on objects. Love is reduced to a demand for repayment of either kindness or grace. These conditions place an undue burden on love and relegate it to the need for

My experience on censorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My experience on censorship - Essay Example We did not care to ascertain the age limit of the movie. The security officers at the entrance were equally more concerned with the security details than verifying the details of the moviegoers. Nevertheless, they reserved the verification of personal details to the end of the first episode. At the end of the first episode, the security men sought to verify our personal details by asking for our identification cards. My friend produced his identification card and got a clearance. When my turn came, the security agent could not believe that a sixteen year old is watching a movie rated eighteen years and above. The security agent was actually very furious that I had breached the rules of the theatre by entering the theatre well knowing that I had not acquired the required age. My attempts to explain that I had not seen the age requirement landed on deaf ears. My friend watched in disbelief and the audience caught the scene with amazement as the security agent manhandled me. The security agent whisked me out of the theatre to the security cabin where he locked me up in readiness for resultant punishment. It was the greatest shock of my life as nobody dared come to my support. Later on, the management of the movie theatre sought to explain to me the various rules applicable in a movie theatre and the attached punishments and fines on defaulters. Playing audience to the movies relevant to one’s age was one of the rules that attracted heavy penalties upon defaulting. Security agents treat ignorance to this rule with equal wrath. The management expects the audience to brief themselves with the relevant terms and conditions pertaining to a given movie with no omissions and total strictness. This act of censorship caused me to think objectively of censorship. The stringent measures put in place to ensure compliance to the set rules proved effective for censorship. The need to seek

The Department of Corrections Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Department of Corrections - Assignment Example This disparity could be attributed to the Supreme Court’s ruling in 2012 that ruled out US states from expanding Medicaid eligibility, which has led to a significant drop in the number of states adopting the Medicaid expansion. Moreover, even after the Federal Government gave consent to pay 100% Medicaid expansion costs for the initial three years and 90% thereafter, just 26 of the US’s 50 states have preferred to expand Medicaid (Rice et al, 2014). Such reluctance has left almost half of the eligible US residents with no Medicaid coverage. Another evident challenge is the increase in Medicare expenditure, 3 years after the Affordable Care Act’s (ACA) enactment. A few months after the inauguration of the 2010 ACA Act, expenditure indicated low levels perhaps due to Medicare payment cuts, reduced hospital readmission and growth of responsible care centers. However, there has been a rebound in the Medical Department expenditures due to the introduction of blockbuster drugs; thus, continually resulting in high spending. Similarly, it is increasingly becoming difficult to control costs as physicians and hospitals merge to augment their market in negotiations with major insurers (Rice et al, 2014). That notwithstanding, strong, and resolute opposition that has always come against major Medicare policies and plans in the US poses a lot of challenges. For instance, immediately after the ACA came into effect, opposition from Republican Party within the House of Representatives, voted persistently for the Act’s abolishment over 40 times. Consequently, out of 1507 national representative polled in 2014, only 37% were for the ACA whereas 53% were against it (Rice et al., 2014). Thus, this lack of political will has led to many residents being against Medicare proposals. Apparently the background of the challenges facing the Medicare department in the US is due to a series of poor plans and policies that

Alternative Media Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alternative Media Analysis - Essay Example The analysis would cover the message, the message maker, the interpretation and finally, a concluding portion. The Message The video clips are shown through YouTube and the messages that were imparted by the visuals are repeatedly promoting the fair and balanced reporting at Fox News. Apparently, there are various former fox employees who were interviewed and recorded that attest that at Fox News, they were given internal memos usually at the start of the day indicating what to talk about, what not to talk about and how to deliver the report and the job of the reporter is to execute the plan. These people disclosed that Fox News is merely a proponent of a point of view (YouTube). Ironically, the first part of the video visualized words that relayed the message: â€Å"your mind is controlled by the rich who owns America’s media† (YouTube). The first testimonial was delivered by Bob McChesney, Founder of Free Press and author of â€Å"The Problem of the Media† clea rly argued that â€Å"the revolutionary breakthrough with the Fox News is eliminative broadcasting† (YouTube). ... America has acknowledged that there are in fact â€Å"false, distorted, caricaturing† of information that are repeatedly broadcasted to form images in the public’s mind. The last message delivered by Roger Ailes, Fox News CEO and Chairman states that they are â€Å"premier journalists who aim to restore objectivity, deemed to be lacking†¦ and their objective is to present fine, balanced journalism† (YouTube). The Message Maker The video clips were uploaded through YouTube, revealed to be â€Å"founded in 2005 by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees of PayPal. YouTube is the leader in online video, sharing original videos worldwide through a Web experience† (TechCrunch par. 1). It has been acquired by the search engine Google, â€Å"serving more than two billion videos a day, it has become the clear leader in online video sharing† (Hoover's Inc. 1). Compared with Fox News, the information and contents shown and u ploaded at YouTube appear to be more objective showing details as viewers deem them necessary to be revealed in their entirety as possible through their respective software capabilities. The News Fox video clips were uploaded by The Great Revolt, where information profile check only indicates the name of the creator as a certain Justin from the United States and joined the site in April 14, 2008. Interpretation Honestly, one is disappointed and disgusted with the contents of the video – if indeed, the contentions were true. A quick search on their official website indicates that Fox News Channel provides â€Å"a 24-hour all-encompassing news service devoted to delivering fair and balanced coverage of the day’s news events† (News Corporation 1). This validates the visual communication found in the video clips where the words

Endocrine Disruptors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Endocrine Disruptors - Essay Example These chemicals have been found to act as estrogens, anti-estrogens, androgens, anti-androgens, or to interfere with thyroid hormone, cortisol, insulin, or growth regulators. Moreover, since animals and human foetal development is primarily dependent on hormonal levels at various phases of development, the effects of these endocrine disrupting chemicals on the endocrine, reproductive, neurological, and immune systems have been found to be very serious, if not catastrophic (Windham, 2000). TCDD dioxin is the most toxic of a class of organochlorine chemicals including chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), dibinzofurans (CDFs), polychlorinated biphenals (PCBs), brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (BDDs), brominated dibenzofurans (BDFs), and polychlorinated pesticides etc. These groups of chemicals have been shown to exert hormonal effects that disrupt the endocrine system of wildlife resulting in adverse effects on reproductive system development and hormones, foetal development, and the immune system at extremely low levels of exposure (Windham, 2000; Are Environmental Hormones Emasculating Wildlife, 1994). Dioxins have been found to have both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects depending on the organ or tissue affected. The toxic metals mercury, lead, and cadmium as well as phenols have also been found to have reproductive and endocrine system disrupting effects (Windham, 2000). Chemicals with estrogenic effects cause cells to produce surplus levels of oestrogen, which has been linked to breast cancer, testicular cancer, lowered sperm counts, and malformation/mutations of male sex organs, and a decreased number of successful male births. Exposure to relatively low levels of these chemicals have been documented to have had catastrophic effects on populations of Beluga whales, alligators, turtles, mink, otters, bald eagles, osprey, cormorants, terns, herring gulls, migratory birds, chickens, lake trout, chinook and coho salmon, etc. For example only 60 parts per billion (ppb) of DDE are required to cause anti-androgenic effects on male test animals (Colborn, 1999; Pritchard, 2004). These chemicals act in a variety of ways; however, their mechanism of action could be broadly described as mimicking oestrogen thereby increasing oestrogen levels in the blood, anti-estrogenic; binding with oestrogen receptors or anti-androgenic; binding with androgen receptors. Some chemicals known to bind to estrogens receptors include insecticides (dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (o,p'-DDT), methoxychlor, and chlordecone); a monomer used in plastic (bisphenol A); an alkylphenol surfactant used in detergents, cosmetics and toiletries, and other household products (octylphenol); and a plasticizer (butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). Other compounds known to bind to androgen receptors include the fungicide vinclozolin and 1,1dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE) the persistent in vivo metabolite of DDT. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7.8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) could all disrupt reproduction and development via several mechanisms (CLS, 1999; Developmenta l Effects, 1993). Laboratory studies investigating the endocrine disrupting capacity of these chemicals

Business Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Environment - Assignment Example To meet their objectives and sustain the shareholders, a business may raise the dividend amount so as to offer satisfactory returns to this category of stakeholders. However, shareholders should not always expect huge returns; there is always an extent beyond a company may not go, depending on the economical status and market forces (Daphne, 2015, p.3). The objective of the government as one of the stakeholders is to ensure the operations of a business are ethically carried out and that taxation policies are adhered to. To meet this objective, an organisation must ensure that a business license is obtained before commencing its operations. It must observe regular and timely tax payment. However, higher taxation may lead to a downfall of business (Daphne, 2015, p.5). Government must, therefore, consider market structure and make its taxation as flexible as possible. The objectives of customers are sometimes very challenging to meet due to their compounded nature. Customers have put higher expectations on the product price, quality, quantity, taste, branding, taste and other related aspects of a product. A business owes customers all these duties. Depending on the level of competition and product differentiation, an organisation may not meet the exact needs of customers; one quality will always be missing. The very quality may be found in another product from a different organisation. Market structures are several interconnected factors that bind the seller, the buyers and the products. Normally, the type of market faced by a business firm will determine its decision on pricing and level of output. It should be noted that a business is never free to set the prices of its products; the pricing is always dependant of the preexisting forces in the market. It, thus, implies that the limit of profit is always a subject of the market structures (Ciliberto, 2009, p.180). The flexibility of a

Perinatal Challenges Essay Example for Free

Perinatal Challenges Essay Perinatal challenges during pregnancy and birth are associated with different varieties of diseases and complications, such as gestational diabetes and shoulder dystocia during birth. According to Gullotta, Adams and Ramos (2006), perinatal period commences during the 22nd week of gestation or after 154 gestational days (p. 392). During this stage, perinatal environment is exposed to different bodily changes associated to the bodily responses of the mother towards pregnancy. According to Ben-Haroush, Yogev and Hod (2003), gestational diabetes often progresses during perinatal periods wherein metabolic absorption of carbohydrates becomes impaired possibly due to insufficiency in insulin production, metabolic impairments associated to receptor malformations, and release of anti-insulin hormones (e. g. human placental lactogen, etc. ). As supported by Callahan and Caughey (2006), progressive occurrence of gestational diabetes may result to different complications during child birth, such as macrosomia, shoulder dystocia and neonatal hypoglycemia (p. 1). Specifically, shoulder dystocia is one of the most common complications associated with gestational diabetes. This is usually identified in cases wherein the mother encounters difficulty of childbirth due to problematic passing of the infant’s anterior shoulder (Gullotta, Adams and Ramos, 2006 p. 392). Shoulder dystocia and gestational diabetes are linked problems during pregnancy. As supported by Queenan, Spong and Lockwood (2007), perinatal occurrence of diabetes usually ends up in problematic infant’s size proportion, which eventually displaces the infant’s body parts in inappropriate positions during childbirth resulting to the difficulty of delivery (p. 179). Gestational diabetes is regarded as a prominent mortality contributor especially during perinatal periods wherein the development of the child is greatly compromised due to the metabolic impairments of the mother. According to Zazworksky, Bolin and Gaubeca (2006), â€Å"perinatal mortality, consisting of both fetal and neonatal deaths, is probably directly related to metabolic derangement in diabetic pregnancies† (p. 192). Perinatal stage of pregnancy, as with other periods of pregnancy, largely depends on the occurring environment inside of the mother. If the maternal metabolic glucose absorption and insulin levels are compromised, the infant’s development is therefore at risked of developing different complications associated to such condition. According to Hod, Javanovic and Di Renzo et al. 2003), gestational diabetes occurring during perinatal period results to four-fold higher mortality rates compared to those non-diabetic pregnancies (p. 431). Pregnancy complications resulting from progressive perinatal diabetes are the most difficult scenarios to deal with. Macrosomic or those proportionately enlarged infants are main problem caused by gestational diabetes. As supported by Goroll, Mulley and Mulley, Jr. (2006), gestational diabetes and the incidence of macrosomic delivery trigger increased risk for serious traumatic childbirth and the need for extensive cesarean section (p. 81). Traumatic complication of macrosomia induced by gestational diabetes is shoulder dystocia, which greatly increases the likelihood of cesarean section and birth trauma for normal section (Hod, Javanovic and Di Renzo et al. , 2003 p. 431). In this study, the emphasis mainly involve (a) the perinatal challenges brought by gestational diabetes and (b) the complications of child birth resulted by shoulder dystocia as a complication of gestational diabetes. Discussion Formally, the perinatal period commences after 22 completed gestation weeks and ends a fter seven days of post-delivery. Perinatal challenges in pregnancy involve different bodily conditions that can be life-threatening to both mother and the infant. World Health Organization defines perinatal period as the â€Å"period of prenatal existence after viability of the fetus is reached, the duration of labor, and the early part of extra-uterine life† (cited in Siegel, Swanson and Shyrock, 2004 p. 354). According to DeCherney and Goodwin (2007), life threatening complications of pregnancy are usually greatest during the perinatal period than any other stages of pregnancy due to variety of mortality causes (p. 188-189). As supported by Herbert (2003), the last three months of fetal life in the womb are considered the most vital stage of pregnancy due to the heightened sensitivity of the baby to the environmental health inside the mother (p. 44). One of the most common challenges faced during this period of conception is the metabolic disorder exclusive during pregnancy – gestational diabetes. The metabolic disorder during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, is an exclusive condition associated to impaired glucose absorption brought by the insufficiency of systemic insulin levels of the body (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). Physical challenges and threats brought by gestational diabetes during perinatal period undeniably life-threatening and vital to the survival of both mother and child. According to Queenan, Spong and Lockwood (2007), gestational diabetes is considered a warning sign of gestation-induced insulin resistance (p. 179). Gestational diabetes is usually detectable on the early or latter weeks of perinatal period, which is approximately 24 weeks of gestation (Dudek, 2006 p. 290). The incidence and prevalence of gestational diabetes during the perinatal periods are statistically more pronounced compared to other periods of conception. According to Porth (2005), gestational diabetes occurs up to 14% of all pregnancies depending on the population and diagnostic procedures utilized (p. 998). As claimed by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2007), gestational diabetes occurs among the approximately 3% to 8% of females not previously diagnosed with diabetes. Added by the public organization Diabetes Australia (2004), incidences of gestational diabetes occurs more predominantly among (higher than 20%) aboriginal women compared to other ethnic diversities. Etiologies attributed to the increasing incidence of gestational diabetes are still unknown due to the unproven etiological propositions of gestational diabetes. However, different studies (Buchanan and Xiang, 2005; Langer, Yogev, and Most et al. , 2005; Rosenberg, Garbers and Chavkin et al. , 2003) have proposed their hypothetical explanation to the etiological nature of gestational diabetes itself. The first theory proposed by Buchanan and Xiang (2005) is associated with the genetic nature of the mother predisposing to her to gestational diabetes. As supported by Porth (2005), gestation diabetes is more prominent among mothers who have history of glucose intolerance or metabolic problems related to glucose absorption (p. 988). In the study of Buchanan and Xiang (2005), gestational diabetes is claimed to be the end-product of monogenic dysfunction of B-cells. Mutations in the mitochondrial DNA of beta cells trigger the autosomal mutations eventually causing beta cell dysfunction. Meanwhile, according to the study of Rosenberg, Garbers and Chavkin et al. (2003), gestational diabetes is triggered by lifestyle practices prior and during pregnancy. In the study, a total of 63. % of the total women in the heaviest group (weight: 300 lbs or 136 kg) have had incidence of gestational diabetes and other complications during pregnancy compared to the women whose weight range between 200 to 299 pounds (49. 8%). According to Callahan and Caughey (2006), another hypothetical explanation to the etiology of this condition is the release of placental hormone, specifically known as the human placental lactogen (a. k. a human chorionic somatomammotropin), which acts as an anti-insulin substances increasing the insulin resistance and generalized carbohydrate intolerance of the mother systemically (p. 05). Added by LeRoith, Taylor and Olefsky (2003), beta cells secretion of insulin is incapable of fully compensating the increasing bodily requisites of both infant and mother; hence, glucose intolerance results (p. 1295). If this glucose malabsorption continues, the mother’s body encounter severe rise of sugar levels inducing gestational diabetes, while the infant is considered at risk of experiencing hypoglycemia due to insufficient levels of insulin used for glucose absorption (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). As supported by Porth (2006), gestational diabetes is more prominent during 24th up to 28th week of gestation, which is actually the perinatal period (p. 988). Compared to the normal pregnancy, mothers with gestational diabetes manifest decreased secretory activity, compromised insulin response per unit of glycemic stimulation and absence of insulin progressiveness (LeRoith, Taylor and Olefsky, 2003 p. 1295). Potential risks involved in gestational diabetes are the complications that may arise during perinatal periods. Continuous occurrence of gestational diabetes also predisposes potential problems during child delivery or the last seven days of perinatal period. According to Brown, Isaacs and Krinke et al. (2005), potential outcomes of gestational diabetes during perinatal period leads to the surge of insulin levels within the uterine environment, which eventually increases glucose reuptake of fetal cells converting them to triglycerides (p. 127). In such conditions, the infant develops dramatic fat deposits with increased body frame size and weight compared to the normal infant (4500 grams). As supported by Wehren and Marks (2004), the rise of blood glucose in the mother’s internal environment also increases the blood glucose levels circulating within the infant, which consequently places the child under the circumstance of neonatal hyperglycemia (p. 209). Aside from neonatal hyperglycemia, biochemical risks brought by gestational diabetes also include hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia and polycythemia (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 05). LeRoith, Taylor and Olefsky (2003) claim the frequency of acquiring gestational diabetes increases with progressive age and BMI conditions (p. 1295). Meanwhile, complications that may occur on the infant involve stillbirth risk, spontaneous abortion, macrosomia, neonatal hypo- and hyperglycemia, increased risk of developing insulin resistance and most commonly shoulder dystocia (Brown, Isaacs and Krinke et al. , 2005 p. 127). Treatment and diagnostic to the effects of gestational diabetes are crucial to the prevention and care of the pregnancy. Diagnostic procedures for gestational diabetes should be done at the end of the second trimester between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). Patients developing at least two associated risk factors should have their diagnostic screening at their first prenatal visit and during each subsequent trimester. Added by Joslin, Kahn and Weir et al. ), universal diagnostic procedure for gestational diabetes is also dependent on the series of identifiable factors, such as age of first pregnancy, body weight, history of abnormal glucose metabolism and racial or ethnic background, that place the mother in a series of more intensive tests (p. 1043). One example of these diagnostics involves a screening test consisting of 50g of glucose administration followed by glucose-plasma measurement one hour after the administration. If the results reveal 1-hour glucose level higher than 140 mg/dL, the implication is positive and the procedure called glucose tolerance testing is indeed necessary for the purpose of validation (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). If the mother’s glucose level reveals positive result during the 1-hour glucose test, the individual is referred for 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) in order to assess their carbohydrate metabolism levels (Hod, Jovanovic and Di Renzo et al. , 2003 p. 331). In this procedure, oral glucose of exactly 100 mg is given to the mother after the 8-hour fasting period preceded by a 3-day intensive carbohydrate diet. After the commencement of GTT, glucose is then measured three times every after an hour after the intake of dose. According to Hod, Jovanovic and Di Renzo et al. (2003), patients with plasma glucose of 126 mg/dl should have their blood glucose monitored for the next 24 to 38 weeks of pregnancy (p. 330). Added by Callahan and Caughey (2006), â€Å"if the fasting glucose or two or more of the postprandial values are elevated, a diagnosis of gestational diabetes is made† (p. 05). After the diagnosis, the mother is immediately placed under strict diabetic diet with 2200 calorie consumption a day including 200 to 220 g of carbohydrate serving per day (Zazworsky, Bolin and Gaubeca, 2006 p. 195). Diabetic diet is usually accompanied by recommended exercise in order to stimulate blood circulation. According to Callahan and Caughey ( 2006), if blood sugar values are already 25 to 30% elevated, insulin medications or oral hypoglycemic agents are usually administered (p. 106). With the continuous progression of gestational diabetes during the perinatal stage of pregnancy, another common perinatal challenge during childbirth is being predisposed shoulder dystocia. Maternal complications during continuous progression of gestational diabetes may also include increased risk of preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, maternal obesity, and the increased risk of developing Type II diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes for subsequent pregnancy (Brown, Isaacs and Krinke et al. 2005 p. 127). In fact, in the study of Langer, Yogev, and Most et al. (2005), pregnant mothers diagnosed with gestational diabetes (n=555) have experienced pregnancy and childbirth complications, specifically macrosomia and shoulder dystocia. The rates of complication are found higher (59%) among those untreated mothers, while a smaller number of complicated cases (18%) occurred among those treated pregnancies. Shoulder dystocia is considered as an obstetric emergency with a very unpredictable nature. Such complication can be identified once the fetal head has already been delivered. The midwife or attending physician might encounter difficulties in delivering the shoulders most commonly due to the impaction of the anterior shoulder behind the pubic symphysis (Callahan, Caughey and Heffner, 2004 p. 69). Despite of its unpredictable nature, shoulder dystocia has been associated to different pregnancy complications that are considered as its potential predisposing factors, such as macrosomia, gestational diabetes and maternal obesity. According to Simpson and Creehan (2007), gestational diabetes is the nearest related risk factor of shoulder dystocia due to the larger body frames and marked anthropometric differences in infants of diabetic mothers (p. 329). Despite the emergent and life-threatening character of shoulder dystocia, Reichman and Simon (2003), considers this as a rare obstetric complication with a varying incidence rate of 1% to 4% of cephalic spontaneous vaginal deliveries (p. 1043). As supported by Simpson and Creehan (2007), shoulder dystocia occurs more prominently among macrosomic infants with weights of 5,000 g with an incidence rate of 70% to 60%. In the retrospective study of Ouzounian and Gherman (2005), among the 267,228 vaginal births during the study period from January 1991 to June 2001, reported cases of shoulder dystocia are only 1,686 (n=0. 6% of the total 267,228 sample). Meanwhile, in the earlier studies conducted by Nasar, Usta and Khalil (2003), among the 189 recorded deliveries, there are only 13 cases complicated by shoulder dystocia. According to Reichman and Simon (2003), cases with complication of shoulder dystocia are usually diagnosed during the actual birth itself unless radiographic imagery reveal inappropriate fetal positioning while still inside the uterine environment (p. 1043). Despite the many efforts of predicting the incidence or occurrence of shoulder dystocia, modern obstetrics are only able to determine the potential risk factors associated to this birth complication. According to Callahan and Caughey (2006), majority of the identified risk factors of shoulder dystocia are related to gestational diabetes itself and the accompanied symptoms (e. g. maternal obesity, macrosomia, etc. ) of the metabolic impairment (p. 79). Other associated risk factors of shoulder dystocia are the number of previous pregnancy, history of shoulder dystocia, overweight status of the mother and during assisted vaginal deliveries (Grady, Howell and Grady et al. 2007 p. 221). Meanwhile, intrapartum labor induction and prolonged second-stage labor are also being proposed as potential risk factors of shoulder dystocia (Simpson and Creehan, 2007 p. 328). Nevertheless, these risk factors are also inaccurate basis for predicting shoulder dystocia; although, many reported cases of shoulder dystocia have manifested at least one of these reported risk components (Reichman and Simon, 2003 p. 1043).

Nelson Mandela’s Values Essay Example for Free

Nelson Mandela’s Values Essay It will be hard to believe if a person says â€Å"A man who served twenty seven years in prison, turned out to be one of the greatest presidents our world has seen†. Well this did actually happen and this former president is still living today. Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in Transkei, South Africa, he was a leader of the anti-apartheid movement in the 1940s. Mandela was jailed for 27 years for acts of sabotage against the South African state, and shortly after his release from prison he led a multi-racial party for the first time ever in South Africa’s history. By doing this he was elected as the first black/democratic president of South Africa. Throughout his years as a president he has been widely regarded as a symbol of global peacemaking, and he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. His birthday, July 18, has been declared Mandela Day; a global celebration of his legacy. Mandela reached this success and earned the title of a world renowned leader with his values in leadership, standing up for what he believed in, that is in democratic process and his strong disapproval of injustice. Nelson Mandela valued leadership since his early days, considered by many as a revolutionary leader; he helped organize the fight against racism and apartheid in South Africa. (Brink). Mandela witnessed leadership at a young age when observing his guardian supervising tribal decision-making gatherings. Mandela’s guardian listened in silence for days, never voicing his opinion even after everyone’s opinion was heard. After everyone had spoken, his guardian guided the group to reach a consensus. Later, Mandela used this experience to mold his leadership style (Stengel). According to Stengel, Mandela recalled the following lesson regarding leadership from when he was a young cattle herder: When you want to get a herd to move in a certain direction, he said, you stand at the back with a stick. Then a few of the more energetic cattle move to the front and the rest of the cattle follow. You are really guiding them from behind. He paused before saying with a smile, That is how a leader should do his work. Furthermore, Mandela’s strong value for leadership began with him displaying his ability to organize and lead others by helping to create the Youth League of African National Congress (ANCYL) which organized protests, boycotts, petitions, and strikes to end apartheid. Previously the African Nation Congress (ACN), ANCYL’s parent organization, had petitioned the government for years for  equality with little success. However, with increased success of the movement, the government increased violence toward nonviolent protesters and banned the ANC. Mandela and other leaders in the movement had to decide how to respond. In a risky decision, they concluded that nonviolence would no longer be effective and that the ANC needed to continue underground. These actions resulted in the imprisonment of Mandela and many ANC leaders, but this action helped to inspire others and to prepare the country for change (Nelson Mandela, African National Congress (ANC), and South Africa.).After more than twenty years in prison, Mandela decided it was time to take matters into his own hands. He realized that, as a leader, it was time to take a drastic step, and he met with the South African president in order to discuss his release and his desire to switch the nati on to a democracy. Mandela was successful, and upon his release he was elected the first democratic leader of South Africa (Brink). Mandela always stood up for what he believed in; he was never fazed by an opponent. Mandela’s value of believing in the democratic process is an example. Even though many did not always agree with this idea, he believed it was the right way forward (Johnson). He was at first unsuccessful with his pursuits, this included the time when he tried during his imprisonment to have prisoners to be addressed more respectfully by guards, and also later when he attempted to have the national voting age lowered to 14 (Stengel). But slowly he established his foundation of democracy and people were finally drawn to it (Stengel). Throughout his battle against apartheid and helping to bring democracy to South Africa, Mandela adopted a democratic leadership style (Johnson).And according to Johnson â€Å"Democratic leaders set policies through group discussion and decision, encourag ing and helping group members to interact, requesting the cooperation of others† and this was exactly what Mandela did (Johnson). Mandela’s other key value that supported his leadership and democratic style was his strong disapproval for injustice. Mandela never tolerated injustice; he believed that justice was the only path to success. For instance, when Mandela got to Robin Island where he was to be imprisoned, he was told to jog to the prison gate. He firmly refused and started a hunger strike with other inmates to condemn the condition they were living in. This worked out in their favor and the conditions improved (Hume). This example highlights Mandela’s value for denouncing injustice and  oppression. Nonetheless, Mandela believed Consensus to be the superior decision making process to build commitment and motivation in group members toward group objectives. Using Consensus meant that justice would be served at its best when making a decision and Mandela fully supported this process (Johnson). Ultimately, Nelson Mandela is viewed as a revolutionary leader for his ability to empower and motivate others using his strong regard for consensus and the democratic process. His stance for promoting justice and peace has been hailed across the world. He led South Africa from a white supremacist country to being the first democratic nation in Africa. With these values Nelson Mandela reached the ultimate success in the eyes of everyone. Work cited Brink, Andre. Nelson Mandela. Time. Time, 13 Apr. 1998. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C988171%2C00.html. Hume, Tim. Digital Mandela Archive Spreads Message of Social Justice. CNN. Cable News Network, 28 Mar. 2008. Web. 24 Nov. 2012. http://www.cnn.com/2012/03/28/world/africa/mandela-online-archive/index.html. Johnson, Caleb. â€Å"A Leader’s Nest† New York Times [New York] 1993: Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=Nonesort=RELEVANCEinPS=trueprodId=GVRLuserGroupName=kent208tabID=T003searchId=R5resultListType=RESULT_LISTcontentSegment=searchType=BasicSearchFormcurrentPosition=2contentSet=GALE%7CCX3490200977docId=GALE|CX3490200977docType=GALE. Nelson Mandela, African National Congress (ANC), and South Africa. Cold War Museum. The Cold War Museum, 17 May 2009. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. http://www.coldwar.org/articles/50s/CNelsonMandelaandSouthAfrica.asp. Stengel, Richard. Mandela: His 8 Lessons of Leadership. Time. Time, 09 July 2008. Web. 24 Nov. 2012. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1821659,00.html.

Foundations and Earthworks Problems

Foundations and Earthworks Problems a) There are four types of foundation loads as follow: Firstly, live loads. Live loads is produced by the users of a home. Example, people, furniture, storage items. The affects of the load is exert force on almost all of a house’s. To design floor systems that limit deflection vibration. Secondly, dead load. That means, forces incurred due to the weight of all the materials used in construction of a home. For examples, roof, ceiling, floor, wall partition. The affects of the this load is a constant over the life of the structure. Big impacts on the long-term deflection/creep of framing members. Thirdly, wind load. Positives or negatives pressures exerted on a house when it obstructs the flow of moving air. The affects of wind load is depends on : location, height, and roof pitch. Fourthly, seismic load. Seismic load that means the inertial forces acting on a house due to earthquake-induced ground motions. The affects of seismic load all components of a frame and shear-resis ting elements are most affected. b) The two types of foundation are as follows: i) Pad foundation Pad foundation is normally used as foundation to building or residential building not exceeding four storeys on stiff soil such as gravel. Most of the said buildings are framed structure. The pad foundation is built if the load supported by the column is small. A pad foundation is the base of a column. The size of pad foundation depends on the size of load to be carried and load bearing capacity of the soil. The pad foundation is not suitable for large and high-rise building because it needs to carry high load, which is not practical and uneconomical. Pad foundation ii) Raft foundation Raft foundation are used to spread the load of the superstructure over a large base to reduce the load per unit one being imposed on ground and this is particularly useful where low bearing capacity soil are encountered and where individual column load are heavy. This types of slab is known as the foundation. Raft foundation can be constructed as follows: a) solid slab raft foundation Solid slab raft foundation is constructed at the entire base of the planned building. The thickness of slab depends on applied load and strength of soil at the site. b) beam and slab raft foundation Beam and slab raft foundation is required when thickness of the designed solid slab raft foundation exceeds 300 mm. The reinforced concrete slab is constructed on the ground whereas the beams are constructed on the slab at specific locations. c) cellular in raft foundation Cellular raft foundation is establishment is built on detached soil and on soil that operation to settle uncalled for case in point unmoving mining site. In such condition, the thickness of the constructed slab may exceed 1 meter, therefore the construction of cellular raft foundation is preferable. Task 2 a) The effect of water and chemicals in the soils are there is either too much water, causing the soil to swell, or not enough, or not enough, causing the soil to shrink. If all soil beneath a foundation swells uniformly or shrinks uniformly it is unlikely to cause cracks and other damage. Most differential movement is caused by differences in soil moisture. After construction, soil moisture. After construction, soil beneath part of foundation becomes wetter or drier than the rest of the soil. The chemical can seep is contaminated with toxic materials. These toxic materials can seep into ground and eventually contaminated the water. Therefore, it is important to conserve the ground water resource so that surfaces it can be used as an alternative resource in the event that surface water is contaminated or dried during dry seasons. The treatment can be done to avoid foundation failure is the treatment process depends on properties of raw water and this properties of water can be divide d into three categories; physical, chemical and biological properties. The properties of raw water depend on impurities in it. Impurities in water can be categorized into macro and micro impurities. Macro impurities are debris such as garbage, twigs, leaves and others. Micro impurities are very fine and cannot be seen by eyes. b) The effect of subsoil movement there are different constrains that cause the development of soil and rock. Furthermore that, gravity is a significant drives that draw rock parts down inclines in occasions called mass developments. Likewise, mass developments fluctuate in their rate, force, and section size. Besides, when mass developments happens quickly, they have a tendency to be the most ruinous and emotional. In this manner, rock falls happen when rock parts tumble from soak precipices. This is the speediest kind of mass developments. Along these lines, the pieces may be as small as stones or as enormous as titan rocks. Avalanches happen when a lot of detached rock joined with soil fall abruptly down an incline. Finally, The steepness of the slant may influences the sum and the span of the rock material in the avalanches. Bigger avalanches have a tendency to happen on steeper inclines and include bigger squares of bedrock. Task 3 a) The importance of underpinning work are to transfer the load carried by an existing foundation from its presents bearing level to a new level at a lower depth. Beside that, to replace an existing weak foundation. In construction, underpinning is the process of strengthening and stabilizing the foundation of an existing building or other structure. The reason for underpinning are as follows: the original foundation is simply not strong or stable enough. The usage of the structure has changed. The properties of soil supporting the foundation may have changed (possibly through subsidence) or were mischaracterized during design. The construction of nearby structures necessitates the excavation of soil supporting existing foundations. It is more economical, due to land price or otherwise, to work on the present structure’s foundation than to build a new one. b) The precaution steps before underpinning works are as follow before impleting suitable underpinning measures the accompanying vital focuses ought to be precisely went to : Firstly, the existing structure ought to be completely inspected painstakingly and proper underpinning strategy ought to be embraced. Besides, all poor stone work, for example, joints, breaks, putting ought to be amended in the recent past. Thirdly, fundamental shoring and struting ought to be carried out such that current structure is sheltered. Forward, Urgent repair like grouting of splits, insertion of pole between dividers. Other than, ought to be completed before beginning underpinning. Fifth, satisfactory consideration ought to be taken to guarantee that there ought to be no development of structure for which levels ought to be stamped. Sixth, underpinning procedure is not a science yet a symbolization ought to be practiced relying upon the circumstances. Underpinning works Task 4 a) i) Trench excavation Trench excavation in development industry is something that specialists ought to be prepared on keeping in mind the end goal to avoid disaster. So as to work securely in the region of trenches or unearthings managements and workers need to character perils connected with trenching and unearthing work, evaluate hazard and dispose of or minimize those danger in the recent past, throughout and after the execution of work. Trenches and unearthings  greatest danger is the likelihood of breakdown because of precariousness. Before starting work in a trench, unearthing or limited space on a development site laborers ought to perform an audit to figure out if it is completely important to work in the trench/exhuming, bound space. Trench excavation ii) Basement excavation A basement excavation is a development burrow performed for the mean of unpredictable out a cellar. There are a few settings in which storm cellar uncovering may be performed. This procedure is usually supervised by an experienced contractor or a basement excavation company, because it can be complicated in addition to labor intensive. While it is possible to excavate by hand, there are some serious risks which must be carefully evaluated before taking the plunge. Besides that, the best time to do a basement excavation is when a home site is being prepared. In this case, the site is already being excavated in preparation for laying the foundations. Therefore, if people want a basement, the depth of the excavation can be deepened to rough out the basement so that the basement and foundations can be form at the same time. Thus, this can be a way to add room to a structure without adding height, and some people leave the basement unfinished to cut costs while protect that they will have that space accessible at a later time if they need it. This basement was built to the same footprint as the house above, which in turn was the footprint of the pair of semis that had been there before, plus a room at the back. The planning permission limited the basement to a railway carriage-shape down the middle so the client said he would block off what he didnt have permission for to put it out of use. (No talking in the ranks, the cynical amongst you should believe that he did so). The area at this endwas for a stairwell. The area at the far end for a window well.

Nuclear Power is a Dangerous Waste of Time :: Argumentative Essays, Persuasive Essays

Nuclear power has been around since the first atomic plant was made operational on December 2, 1942. These plants are an efficient way of producing electricity. They can power every electric item we use today, from TV’s to computers and every thing in between. As great as they may seem, how do we deal with the radioactive waste left over? The answer is, we don’t. Until we, as a civilization, find a better way of dealing with this waste, we should hold off on converting fossil fuel plants to nuclear. As of today, there is no real way to dispose of nuclear waste. While theories of ridding our earth of this harmful radioactive substance vary, the many attempts, have included every thing from simply burying it, to sending it out of our orbit into space. The most popular method to date seems to be â€Å"long term storage.† But what, exactly, does the â€Å"long term storage† mean? It means storing air tight barrels of nuclear waste in facilities until they lose their potency. As good as this method may sound on paper, the process I’ve just described to you can take up to 20,000 years. This means that the waste storage facilities will have to be secured from robbers, terrorists, and the effects of nature for a period of time in which not only their designers will die, but also, quite possibly the countries in which they are located will crumble. Other, more reasonable methods include transmutation: a process in which toxic elements are transformed into less toxic substances. For instance, plutonium can be turned to uranium. This is done by using â€Å"fast consumer† reactors, which use the discarded radioactive isotopes of nuclear reactors and â€Å"consume† them, leaving isotopes which are less dangerous and have only about half the life and potency of the original waste.

Essay on Satire, Sarcasm, and Irony in Catch-22 by Joseph Heller

Satire, Sarcasm, and Irony in Catch-22  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Joseph Heller's narration, dialogue, and characterization in Catch-22 all create a unique perspective of war and our society's bureaucracy. The satire, sarcasm, irony, and general absurdity of the novel provide a view of the irrationality of man's behavior. The horror that is portrayed in Catch-22 is intensified by the humorous way in which it is portrayed. Distortion and exaggeration highlight the characters and scenario while magnifying the confusion. Parallel structure and repetition serve to reinforce the novel's themes.    The most important and prevalent aspects of Heller's style are satire, sarcasm, and irony. Heller pokes fun at the faults of society. At the same time, this humor emphasizes Heller's social commentary much more effectively than he could by simply coming out and stating his opinion.    Satire is particularly important in Catch-22. It is often used to highlight the idiocy of the military hierarchy. It also conveys a sense of humor that opposes and intensifies the dark seriousness of the book.    Language is also satirized when Heller makes fun of the "official" jargon used by military personnel. Sarcasm could be considered a counterpart of satire. The characters portrayed in the novel use sarcasm profusely. The author's view is made clear with the blatant sarcasm used by both Yossarian and the narrator: "...how much reverence can you have for a supreme Being who finds it necessary to include such phenomena as phlegm and tooth decay in His divine system of creation?"( 98)    Irony is another important aspect of the novel. Irony is an integral part of the "Catch-22" philosophy. The irony of the "catch" is that it perpetuates itsel... ... in the novel. For example:    "I'm cold," Snowden said softly. "I'm cold" "You're going to be all right, kid," Yossarian reassured him with a grin. "You're going to be all right." "I'm cold," Snowden said again in a frail, childlike voice. "I'm cold." "There, there," Yossarian said, because he did not know what else to say. "There, there." "I'm cold," Snowden whispered. "I'm cold." "There, there. There, there."    All of these aspects of style come together very well. They play off of each other and are combined easily and appropriately. It is this culmination of styles that makes Catch-22 so effective.    Works Cited and Consulted Heller, Joseph. Catch-22. New York. Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Kennard, Jean E. "Joseph Heller: At War with Absurdity." Contemporary Literary Criticism.(75-87) Ed. Roger Matuz. Detroit:L Gale 1990.

Trouble With Bill Clintons Character :: essays research papers

Trouble With Bill Clinton's Character In the article, "The Trouble With Character" from Time magazine , writer Richard Stengel describes Bob Dole's attacks on President Bill Clinton's character during the second Presidential debate and explains why Dole's criticisms did not affect Clinton. Stengel begins the article by discussing how American parents do not want their children to aspire to become President as much as they used to. Most Americans feel that someone else should do the job, and this person is no moralistic model. Stengel says that the people's negative portrait of the President is demonstrated in the roles the President plays in various movies and novels. Stengel then discusses the second Presidential debate in which Dole said that Clinton "single-handedly contaminated the highest office in the land" and is the leading cause of the public's distrust of the government. The focus of Dole's campaign was not Clinton's issues, but his moral pertinence. The press were surprised by the fact that most people think that Dole has a better character than Clinton, but they still prefer Clinton as President. This notion comes from the reasoning that most Americans are only concerned with whether or not the country and its citizens are taken care of, and so disregard the President's moral imperfections which, in the people's opinion, have very little to do with the issues. So the President can cheat on his taxes or even his wife and the Americans will overlook it as long as he is getting the job done. Claims such as these lead some to believe that Americans' standards of acceptable moral behavior are going down. Stengel mentions examples of different presidents and the issues that gave them a bad reputation to demonstrate the fact that the people's expectations of the President have fallen. When it comes to politics, Americans are becoming more European – that is, they are becoming more and more tolerant of the flaws in their leaders. This is why Dole's complaints are ineffective in convincing voters. In my opinion, I think that Stengel is correct in saying that the reason why Dole's attacks are not working is voters are not concerned with the President's personal shortcomings, but rather his capability of running the country, and the two are not always closely related. I think that Bob Dole is going about the whole issue all wrong, and his tactics are not practical and may even backfire. He is trying to make Clinton look bad by insulting his character, but in doing so, Dole is revealing a lot about his own. Take for instance the issue of Clinton and his playful attitude

A Poison Tree Poem by William Blake

Honors English IV December 11, 2009 The theme of â€Å"A Poison Tree† by William Blake is about wrath and anger. If one were angry with a friend, that wrath would eventually subside; if one were angry with a foe, however, and if left unchecked or left to simmer that anger would not subside and would grow. His poem offers insight into what anger does if one â€Å"watered it in fears, / Night and morning with [their] tears; / and sunned it with smiles, / and with soft deceitful wiles† (547 l. -10 Wood). The poem is appropriate for Songs of Experience and not Songs of Innocence because it portrays something that children do not do: seethe with anger for a long period of time. Children forgive and forget easily, adults do not. Adults tend to hold grudges and seethe with anger until something interrupts it or changes it, but children have simpler minds and thus simpler aspects of anger that may not last a long time.The themes and images of â€Å"Composed upon Westminster Br idge, September 3, 1802† by William Wordsworth classifies him as a typical Romantic poet of his time. Wordsworth shows only the beauty of London and uses simple language to get his point across. The major theme of the poem is nature, and he only shows the beauty of the landscape, not the destitution and filth that truly was London during the Industrial Revolution.Wordsworth transfigures the truth with his imagination, saying that everything was â€Å"all bright and glittering in the smokeless air† (560 l. 8 Wood) when really the city was ridden with pollution and smog. Wordsworth also shows and absolute sense of awe for the beauty of what he is seeing, and turns away everything that is â€Å"ugly† about it. Wordsworth sees only the beauty of looking from a bridge in the morning and turns away all the bad things related to the people of the area, a characteristic of a Romantic.

Little White Lies

Shannon Law LITTLE discolour LIES Have you ever told a rest to somebody? After heralding that falsehood, did you sprightliness guilty rough it? Most of the time, wad disembodied spirit guilty or mischievous if they express their protest opinion close something. Telling the true statement is forever substantive for us in everyday living. We bear be trusted by separate people and at the same time, be able to express and support our doledge opinions. Honesty can never injustice anyone more than you falsehood to them. Why did you c all Abraham capital of Nebraska was named Honest Abe? Because he be prevaricationved that ingenuousness is the best polity.Telling the impartiality is the most important thing to do. It is better to verbalise the truth, admit your mistakes, and move on. People should tell the truth all the time to feel more comfortable. Telling the truth makes life so much simpler without having to worry about anything and without having to lag tha t guilt around thats trapped inside your body. People prize this quality, and that gives value to us. People who tell the truth beejaculate more appreciated by other people. We have to keep a good image of ourselves. In ramble to do that, we must be straight in all situations.If a someone lied to you, and you instal out that he lied, would you ever trust that someone once again? Besides, when you tell the truth, its easier to support your own idea or opinions because you dont have to create a entirely made up story. People who lie invent a huge muniment and when you ask them some details, theyre cursorily lost in the explanation and they occlude some details to make their lie understandable. A good example of a soul who thinks that it is essential to telling the truth is Abraham capital of Nebraska. Do you know why Abraham Lincoln was nicknamed Honest Abe? It is said that the roots of this nickname start in his early works life. As a young man, Abraham Lincoln worked as a general introduce clerk. On sluiceing, he was counting gold in the drawers after death and found that he was a a few(prenominal) cents over what should have been in the drawer. When he realized that he had accidentally short-changed a customer earlier that day, Lincoln walked a long distance to return the money to the customer. On another occasion, Lincoln find that he had given a charr too little tea for her money.He put what he owed her in a package and individual(prenominal)ly delivered it to the woman, who never even realized that she was not given the prudish amount of tea until Lincoln showed up at her doorstep Lincoln carried his attentiveness for the truth through his years at the White House. He himself was deeply sincere. During the well-bred war, President Lincoln stated, I haint been caught lying yet, and I dont mean to be. To Lincoln, the truth was not value sacrificing for any gain, no matter how too large that gain may have been. candidly is good becau se, for example if you sneaked out in the middle of the night to meet up with your friends and your parents found out, wouldnt they expect you to come home and explain everything to them truthfully? Wouldnt they be even angry at you if you lied to their faces? My cousin had a personal experience with this. It happened in the summer of 2010. My cousin, Crystal, and her friends mulish to sneak out. Crystal knew that it was wrong tho she ended up going anyway. She and her friends firm to go to a club. Crystal and her friends all told their parents that they were sleeping over another persons house.My aunt (Crystals mom) in truth ended up calling Nicoles (Crystals friend) house to check up on Crystal to see if she was there. Unfortunately, she wasnt. opus having the best time dancing at the club, Crystal felt a tip on her shoulder, she turned around and this person asked, Can I have this saltation? That person ended up universe her dad. Crystal and her friends immediately stoppe d, looked at individually other and thought, Oh no. All of their parents knew that something was up and somehow put the pieces of the puzzles together and found out where they were.When she got home, her parents were very disappointed with the fact that she lied. Crystal ended up universe ground for two weeks. This was the situation where I learned that honestly is the best policy and that lying will get you into more trouble. In conclusion, lying is lying. The part when lying is very bad is when it is deceitful. When you lie too much, nobody will believe you when you truly tell the truth. Your character will always be in question. You will to a fault be known as the liar and people will never know if what you say can be true. prevarication makes you untrustworthy and diminishes your character.