A Research Project On Juvenile Capital Punishment - 977 Words

The survey that was conducted for this research project was geared toward my classmates and how they feel towards juveniles receiving the death penalty. The survey geared towards yes or no questions but giving explanations on why they choose yes or no. The survey had ten questions with three of those questions having to justify their answer (see appendix A). All questions concentrated on juvenile capital punishment and whether juveniles were in their right mind when committing their heinous crimes. The survey had seventeen anonymous participants and a little more than half agreed with juveniles receiving capital punishment. Some of the participants were a little harsh towards the death penalty with juveniles as little as fifteen being able to receive capital punishment. Everyone is entitled to their opinion, which is why this survey was conducted, to gather Intel on what others believe on capital punishment for juveniles. One participant said, â€Å"Nowadays, juveniles are old enou gh to know the difference between right and wrong. We have so many different crimes happening in the US right now that they know better. Their punishment should fit their crime. If they murder, it should be life. If they rape, it should be at least 15 years.† Others disagreed but Interviews After gathering research from the Internet, five interviews were conducted in person to gain more opinions toward juveniles receiving capital punishment over adults receiving capital punishment. Only threeShow MoreRelatedThe Cost of Culpability: The Significance of Numbers Inside the Criminal Justice System (Age and Economics)1244 Words   |  5 Pages Both juveniles and mentally ill adult offenders fell under the above category, it was possible that one could be found not liable due to their age and mental status’ and win a victory in court that could be categorized as legal injustice. Throughout this paper, inconclusive evidence was found that suggested legal definitions were basically written the same but were interpreted differently by various courts. The only noticeable shifts were found in the application of these terms inside the criminalRead MoreEssay about Juvenile Justice: Age and Judicial Culpability1543 Words   |  7 Pagesshould not be used to determine guilt or innocence during trial. Finally, this paper will suggest that trying juveniles as adults and remanding them into adult facilities is ineffective at decreasing juvenile crime rates. These issues will be reviewed to determine if physical (chronological) age is a justifiable cause to lessen culpability or an excuse used to mask the ineffective research e fforts of lawmakers. Culpability has long been defined as a legal term that is used by judicial officialsRead MorePortugal s Criminal Justice System1440 Words   |  6 PagesIn the research on Portugal criminal justice system, it showed similarities and differences with the United States criminal justice system. For example, these two nations have some of the same problems, however Portugal has abolished the death penalty. When I looked into the strengths and weakness of law enforcement, criminal procedures, courts, sentencing, and corrections I believe that the United States has a better form in handling these matters. So far there isn t a perfect system to manageRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement And Our Nation s Continued Progress Towards Racial Equality1477 Words   |  6 Pages1970 to 2005, a rate that is surpassing crime and population rates. The incarceration rates unreasonably impact men of color 1 in every 15 African American and 1 in every 36 Hispanic males are incarcerated in contrast to 1 i n every 106 white male. (Project, 2013) According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, one in three black males can expect to go to prison in their lifetime. (Rosenberger, 2013) People of color have a deranged number of encounters with law enforcement, indicating that racial profilingRead MoreEssay about Race and the Death Penalty2120 Words   |  9 Pagesthe death penalty than whites in the commission of identical crimes(CNN, 2014). The history of capital punishment dates back to the days before Christ. The Old Testament adage an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth, has survived throughout the ages despite the New Testaments rendition of thou shall not kill. Todays American victims endure a more demure of style of cruel and unusual punishment; death by lethal injection has replaced the barbaric traditions of the past. Statistics proveRead MoreDeath Penalty Essay1956 Words   |  8 Pagessupports the cessation of the death penalty. Poor and minorities suffer disproportionately from the death penalty. Capital punishment is not a deterrent to crime. Putting people to death by capital punishment is not cost effective. Putting people to death by capital punishment is inhumane and should be illegal. The U.S. Constitution states that, â€Å"cruel and unusual punishments (Amendment 8, 1791),† should not be inflicted on its citizens. It is especially cruel in cases of â€Å"botched† executionsRead MoreThe Cost of High Imprisonment Rates in the United States Essay examples1176 Words   |  5 PagesThis places the United States at number one in the world for its incarceration rate. The US has 5% of the worlds population but 245% of the worlds prisoners. In addition to this there are 4.8 million adults on probation of parole and 70,792 juveniles in juvenile detention. In 2008 the breakdown for adults under correctional control was as follows: one out of 18 men, one in 89 women, one in 11 African-Americans (9.2 percent), one in 27 Latinos (3.7 percent), and one in 45 Caucasians (2.2 percent).Read MoreDeath Penalty3871 Words   |  16 PagesThe world will keep turning, but not in th is room for this individual. Death Penalty or capital punishment is the sentence of execution for the crime of murder and some other capital crime (serious crimes especially murder, punishable by death). The death penalty was practiced in the United States from since colonial times until today. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, 1,289 people have been executed as of this date. 1,115 of which were executed by lethal injection. This is saidRead MoreThe Punitive And Rehabilitative Approach As An Indispensable Part Of The Criminal Justice Reform Issue3487 Words   |  14 Pagesforms of punishment involved barbaric systems in which offenders were virtually outcasts. In the contemporary criminal justice system, rehabilitative systems are speciously beneficial, as compared to punitive approaches. The effectiveness of punitive measures persuades policy makers to establish other harsh policies to discourage crime. A layperson will most likely hurriedly conclude that it is an effective measure, especially if they are the victims of the crime. Intrinsically, more research on theRead MoreFalse Convictions And Eyewitness Identification2550 Words   |  11 PagesThe first and greatest cause of false convictions is eyewitness identification according to the innocence project website almost 75% of cases later overturned were due to wrongful eyewitness identification. One of the main issues as we learned in class is that our minds do not keep a perfect recording of events in our memory they are often impacted by additional information given after the fact. Information about a suspect given afterwards such as suggesting their hair color, height, weight, or other

Chapter 13 Guided Reading Free Essays

Guided Reading Chapter 13 Terms: 1. Tropics- Areas with high humidity and temperatures 2. Monsoons- an overflow of water from rivers 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 13 Guided Reading or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ecosystems- communities of living things within a certain climare 4. Bilad al-sudan- West African Jewish communities who were connected to known Jewish communities from the Middle East, North Africa, or Spain and Portugal. 5. Dhow – any of various types of sailing vessels used by Arabs on the east African, Arabian, and Indian coasts, generally lateen-rigged on two or three masts. 6. Swahili – a member of a Bantu people of Zanzibar and the neighboring coast of Africa. Also, Kiswahili, ki-Swahili. the Bantu language of the Swahili people, used also as a lingua franca in Tanzania, Kenya, and parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 7. Urdu- an official language of Pakistan, also spoken in India. The script derives primarily from Persia. It belongs to the Indic branch of the Indo-European family of languages, being closely related to Hindi but containing many Arabic and Persian loan words 8. Junks- Chinese Ships that can contain up to 40 tons Places: 9. Niger River – the principal river of western Africa, extending about 4,180 km 10. Indus River – is a major river which flows through Pakistan. It also has courses through western Tibet (in China) and Northern India. 11. The Ganges – a trans-boundary river of India and Bangladesh. The 1,569 mi river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. 12. Mekong River- a river in Southeast Asia. is 4,350 km From the Tibetan Plateau this river runs through China’s Yunnan province, Burma (Myanmar), Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. 13. Swahili Coast-The Swahili Coast refers to the coast or coastal area of East Africa inhabited by the Swahili people, mainly Kenya, Tanzania, and north Mozambique. The term may also include the islands such as Zanzibar, Pate or Comoros which lie off the Swahili Coast. 14. Strait of Malacca – is a narrow, 805 km (500 mi) stretch of water between the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is named after the Malacca Sultanate that ruled over the archipelago between 1414 and 1511. 15. Mogadishu – the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta’s appearance on the Somali coast in 1331, the city was at the zenith of its prosperity. He described Mogadishu as â€Å"an exceedingly large city† with many rich merchants, which was famous for its high quality fabric that it exported to Egypt, among other places. He added that the city was ruled by a Somali Sultan originally from Berbera in northern Somalia who spoke both Somali and Arabic with equal fluency. The Sultan also had a retinue of wazirs (ministers), legal experts, commanders, royal eunuchs, and other officials at his beck and call. 16. Kilwa -Kilwa Kisiwani is a community on an island off the coast of East Africa, in present day Tanzania. 7. Aden – In 1421, China’s Ming dynasty Yongle Emperor ordered principal envoy grand eunuch Li Xing and grand eunuch Zhou Man of Zheng He’s fleet to convey an imperial edict with hats and robes to bestow on the king of Aden. The envoys boarded three treasure ships and set sail from Sumatra to the port of Aden. This event was recorded in the book Ying-yai Sheng-lan by Ma Huan who accompanied the imperial envoy 18. Malabar Coast – The Malabar Coast is a long and narrow coastline on the south-western shore line of the mainland Indian subcontinent. Geographically, it comprises the wettest regions of southern India, as the Western Ghats intercept the moisture-laden monsoon rains, especially on their westward-facing mountain slopes. The term â€Å"Malabar Coast† is also sometimes used in reference to the entire Indian coast from the western coast of Konkan to the tip of the subcontinent at Cape Comorin. 19. Malacca – the third smallest Malaysian state after Perlis and Penang. It is located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Straits of Malacca. It borders Negeri Sembilan to the north and Johor to the south. Malacca was founded by Parameswara, also known as Iskandar Shah or Sri Majara, the last Raja of Singapura (present day Singapore) following a Majapahit attack in 1377. He found his way to Malacca around 1400 where he found a good port—it was accessible in all seasons and on the strategically located narrowest point of the Malacca Straits. 20. Timbuktu – The first mention is by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta who visited both Timbuktu and Kabara in 1353 when returning from a stay in the capital of the Mali Empire. [25] Timbuktu was still relatively unimportant and Battuta quickly moved on to Gao. At the time both Timbuktu and Gao formed part of the Mali Empire. A century and a half later, in around 1510, Leo Africanus visited Timbuktu. He gave a description of the town in his Descrittione dell’Africa which was published in 1550. [26] The original Italian was translated into a number of other languages and the book became widely known in Europe. [27] Empires/ Kingdoms: 21. Delhi Sultanate – five short-lived dynasties, Delhi based kingdoms or sultanates, mostly of Turkic and Pashtun (Afghan) origin in medieval India. The sultanates ruled from Delhi between 1206 and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty. The five dynasties were the Mamluk dynasty (1206–90); the Khilji dynasty (1290–1320); the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414); the Sayyid dynasty (1414–51); and the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). 22. Mali Empire – a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 C. E. to c. 1600. C. E. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. The Mali Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River. It extended over a large area and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces. 23. Kanem- Bornu – existed in modern Chad and Nigeria. It was known to the Arabian geographers as the Kanem Empire from the 9th century AD onward and lasted as the independent kingdom of Bornu until 1900. At its height it encompassed an area covering not only much of Chad, but also parts of modern southern Libya, eastern Niger, northeastern Nigeria and northern Cameroon. The history of the Empire in the longue duree is mainly known from the Royal Chronicle or Girgam discovered in 1851 by the German traveller Heinrich Barth. 4. Gujarat – From 1297 to 1300, Allauddin Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, destroyed Anhilwara and incorporated Gujarat into the Delhi Sultanate. After Timur’s sacking of Delhi at the end of the fourteenth century weakened the Sultanate, Gujarat’s Muslim Rajput governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar asserted his independence, and his son, Sultan Ishaan Shah (ruled 1411 to 1442), restructured Ahmedabad as the capital. 25. Bahmani Kingdom – was a Muslim state of the Deccan in South India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms. Bahmanid Sultanate was the first independent Islamic Kingdom in South India. 6. Vijayanagar Empire – an empire based in South India, in the Deccan Plateau region. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty and Dhangar / Kuruba Gowda lineage. 27. Great Zimbabwe – Great Zimbabwe acted as a royal palace for the Zimbabwean monarch and would have been used as the seat of their political power. One of its most prominent features were its walls, some of which were over five metres high and which were constructed without mortar. Eventually the city was abandoned and fell into ruin. Individuals / Peoples: 28. Muhammed ibn Ab-dullah ibn Buttata – a Muslim Moroccan explorer, known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla (lit. â€Å"Journey†). Over a period of thirty years, he visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands; his journeys including trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance surpassing threefold his near-contemporary Marco Polo. Ibn Battuta is considered one of the greatest travellers of all time. He journeyed more than 75,000 miles (121,000 km), a figure unsurpassed by any individual explorer until the coming of the Steam Age some 450 years later. 29. Sundiata – founder of the Mali Empire 30. Mansa Kankan Musa – the tenth Mansa, which translates as â€Å"King of Kings† or â€Å"Emperor†, of the Malian Empire. At the time of Mansa Musa’s rise to the throne, the Malian Empire consisted of territory formerly belonging to the Ghana Empire and Melle (Mali) and immediate surrounding areas, and Musa held many titles, including: Emir of Melle, Lord of the Mines of Wangara, and Conqueror of Ghanata, Futa-Jallon, and at least another dozen states. 1. Mansa Suleiman – mansa of the Mali Empire from 1341 to 1360. The brother of the powerful Kankan Musa I, he succeeded Musa’s son Maghan to the throne in 1341. His son Kassa briefly assumed the throne following his death in 1360, but was succeeded the same year by Maghan’s son Mari Diat a II. 32. Sultan Iltutmish – He was a slave of Qutb-ud-din Aibak and later became his son-in-law and close lieutenant. He was the Governor of Badaun when he deposed Qutub-ud-din’s successor Aram Shah and acceeded to the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in 1211. He shifted Capital from Lahore to Delhi, remained the ruler until his death on May 1, 1236. Iltutmish introduced the silver tanka and the copper jital-the two basic coins of the Sultanate period, with a standard weight of 175 grains. He introudced Iqtadari system: division of empire into Iqtas, which were assigned to the nobles and officers in lieu of salary. 33. Sultan Raziya – First female Sultan referred to as Razia Sultana was the Sultana of Delhi in India from 1236 to May 1240. She was of Seljuq slave ancestry and like some other Muslim princesses of the time, she was trained to lead armies and administer kingdoms if necessary. Razia Sultana, the fifth Mamluk Sultanate was the only woman ruler of both the Sultanate and the Mughal period. Important Events: 34. Mansa Musa’s Pilgrimage – Musa’s journey was documented by several eyewitnesses along his route, who were in awe of his wealth and extensive procession, and records exist in a variety of sources, including journals, oral accounts and histories. Musa is known to have visited with the Mamluk sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad of Egypt in July 1324. Questions to Outline: 1. The ecosystems in Africa are controlled by their location in comparison with the equator and there are many different ecosystems with in a tropical environment which is an area with a high temperature and humidity. 2. It mobilized the labor of ordinary people in order to produce surpluses, helped support powerful states and profitable commercial systems. 3. Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 13th to the 16th centuries, though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into North India as early as the time of the Rajput kingdoms in the 7th century. Some historians consider parts of the conquest the bloodiest chapter in human history. 4. The Indian Ocean trade has been a key factor in East–West exchanges. Long distance trade in dhows and sailboats made it a dynamic zone of interaction between peoples, cultures, and civilizations stretching from Java in the East to Zanzibar and Mombasa in the West. Cities and states on the Indian Ocean rim were Janus-faced. They looked outward to the sea as much as they looked inward to the hinterland. In the contemporary period, the re-assertion of Asia’s cultural, political, and economic trength has manifested itself in varied events such as the meteoric rise of the Chinese economy and the growing influence of India’s culture industry, and the rise of Dubai as a global financial hub. These processes indicate a gradual movement of the fulcrum of global economic and military exchanges away from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean, a shift which is being keenly watched by nationa l elites and global institutions. 5. Their status was determined by males, Tasks were cooking, brewing and farm work, family organization was important in society and some women didn’t adopt veiling. . The spread of Islam, Commercial contacts and the rise of Mali and Ghana. These changed many things with in the people such as what rights they had, the amount of slavery, taxes and trade, economy was based off gold and their religion. 7. They made certain adjustments such as irrigation systems, and adopted different means of surviving such as wild food and fish hunting, herding and grain trade, farming of rice, wheat , sorghum and millet. They also built dams and reservoirs. How to cite Chapter 13 Guided Reading, Essay examples

Eating Meat free essay sample

Eating Meat and The Treatment of Animals Eating animals is part of the daily life of billions of people all over the world. Every day, thousands of animals are killed for the production of food for people. We have been brought up eating meat and never questioned it. It is culturally accepted even though modern livestock and poultry production (factory farming) is cruel and gives animals no other purpose for existence except for human consumption. There are particular religions which prohibit eating certain meats or eating meat at all. The religious points of view also cover the topic on the treatment of animals. Cultural practices on eating animals around the world differ from each other and what some may consider the norm may be shocking to us North-Americans. Then there is the question about morality is it possible to eat meat and yet still respect animal rights? There are many different angles to look at this topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Eating Meat or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For instance, coming from an Islamic background, I have respect for all living creatures and I am against animal cruelty but, when it comes to eating habits, like Wallace, I eat meat because I â€Å"believe animals are less morally important than human beings†. It does not mean that I do not respect animal rights. There is nothing morally wrong about eating animals. The moral issue stems from whether you, personally, have a problem with eating what was once a living animal. In my opinion, animals are not equal to human beings in terms of morality, critical thinking, decisions vs. instinct, or communication; although, some of them come very close. Most people in North America do not think about the meat they eat. When they go to the supermarket, questions such as where did the meat come from and under what circumstances did the animals live in, never cross their minds because eating meat is part of their daily intake of food. Most meats come from large scale live stock and poultry production facilities. These facilities often keep animals in crowded conditions where they cannot move. Calves to be slaughtered for veal often have their hooves nailed to boards so that they will remain stationary. Chickens at processing plants have their beaks clipped to prevent them from attacking each other, a situation which would be less common except that four to five chickens are often kept in a cage with hardly room for one. The idea is simple to process them as quickly and efficiently as possible in assembly line production without regard to animal safety. Their only purpose for existence is for human consumption for food. These types of farming practices are cruel and immoral but the reality is, today, everything revolves around efficiency. Population is growing at a high rate so, to maintain the balance of food animals have to be grown at a high rate as well and as efficiently as possible. Factory farming has become a norm in society and humans are on the top of the food chain. So the argument most people hear is: is eating meat morally right? Instead, they should be asking about the treatment of the animals prior to processing. There is a difference between eating an animal and respecting animal rights. Factory farming may be a norm when it comes to satisfying our gustatory pleasures from eating meat but there are many different ways to look at the moral sides of this. Furthermore, I am a Muslim and I have been eating meat for as long as my teeth were able to chew it. The religion of Islam states that animals exist for the benefit of human beings but at the same time prohibits the cruelty to animals. Also, causing unavoidable pain and suffering to the defenseless and innocent animals is not justifiable under any circumstances. The Qur’an (Holy Book) says animals can be eaten for food but only through certain methods of slaughtering. The animal has to be slaughtered with a sharp object (knife) and in a fast way so that pain of the slaughter is minimized. The swift cutting of the vessels in the neck disconnects the flow of blood to the nerve of the brain which is responsible for feeling pain. While dying, the animal appears to struggle, shake and kick. This is not due to pain, but due to the contraction and relaxation of muscles which are deficient in blood and the blood flowing out of the body. These slaughtering practices are very different from the ones in North America. It is important to have an open minded perspective when discussing the morality of animal slaughter since differences in cultural practices exist. Some other religions consider certain animals to be sacred, but thats a different topic. Just because we kill an animal for food does not mean we cannot show affection and take care of them. I do not see anything immoral about eating meat. Eating is a part of human nature just like drinking water and sleeping. Continuing this further, animals deserve to be treated with respect even if they are going to be slaughtered for human consumption or not because just like humans, they also inhabit earth. Treating animals the same as humans and whether they deserve the same treatment are individual choices. Every human has the choice to eat meat or to be a vegetarian. Wallace states in his article that â€Å"the whole animal-cruelty-and-eating issue is not just complex, it’s also uncomfortable†. By this he means that killing any animal and then eating it is cruel. Just the thought of it is very uncomfortable. Any person who enjoys eating meat will know this because the animal obviously had to be killed in order for the meat to be processed. It all depends on our personal values in life, so I do agree with Wallace when he says animals are less morally important than human beings. Morals are man-made things: they are the right way of behaving or acting in different situations. Being able to determine right from wrong and choosing which action is appropriate. On the other hand, animals do not have morals; even if they did they would not be able to express them in human terms. A cow for instance cannot critically think for itself and chose from right or wrong nor can they make life changing decisions. Pigs are considered one of the smartest animals yet; markets are flooded with pork products. Since humans are on top of the evolutionary chain, they have control over what they eat and how they can produce it. Is it morally acceptable to raise animals for slaughter? In my opinion, yes it is. But I certainly would rather buy meat that comes from animals who did not endure miserable existences on factory farms. The meat is healthier, the animals are happier, and this seems like a mutually beneficial result of humane farming practices. It costs more, but good food usually does. I dont think there is anything morally wrong with eating meat and caring for animals at the same time. I know there are some religions that are against eating certain types of meat. Some religions consider certain animals to be sacred, but thats a different topic. Thats about religion, not morals. I think the majority of people that argue the moral issues of eating meat tend to be concerned with the treatment of the animals. There are ways to raise animals for meat in a compassionate way. Animals do not have to be tortured when they are processed for their meat either. There are humane ways to handle meat processing. But again, meat processing is a different issue from eating meat. I really do not see any moral implications against eating meat.