Self-knowledge and the Sciences in Augustines Early Thinking Essay

Self-knowledge and the Sciences in Augustine's Early Thinking ABSTRACT: The idea of a firm connection of the seven artes liberales came first into being in Augustine's early concept of education (I. Hadot). Whereas this idea has been analyzed primarily in view of its philosophical sources, this paper is supposed to clarify its internal logic. The main feature of Augustine's concept is the distinction between the two projects of a critique of reason and of a metaphysics, and the coordination of these projects within a treatise on theodicy. Augustine systematizes the disciplinae in the perspective of reason's self-recognition. Reason manifests itself in culture and nature. Through the sciences, reason is led to a reflection upon its own products and, finally, to an understanding of them as reason's self-manifestations. Thus, reason becomes able to comprehend itself. Augustine distinguishes language-based disciplinae (grammar, dialectic, rhetoric) from number-oriented ones (music, geometry, astronomy, philosophy). The first group (with dialectic a s its top-disciplina) leads to a critical reflection upon the conditions of knowledge and into the insight to reason's power of creating sciences. The second group helps carry out a metaphysical ascent from the material to the intelligible world. In philosophy, reason comprehends its ability to constitute knowledge as a synthetic capacity that points to a transnumerical unity as the main ontological feature of the intelligible world. The insight into this kind of unity reveals the meaningful interwovenness of all beings and events and, thus, leads to a refutation of all objections against divine providence. Augustine's early dialogues are works of a special sort. Written soon after ... ...unt of Augustine's understanding of dialectic, cf. PÃ ©pin, J., Saint Augustin et la Dialectique (The Saint Augustine Lecture 1972), Villanova 1976. Cf. also my article: The Decline of Dialectic in Augustine's Early Dialogues, in: Studia Patristica (Proceedings of the XIII. International Conference on Patristic Studies), forthcoming. (7) Illa igitur ratio perfecta dispositaque grammatica admonita est quaerere atque attendere hanc ipsam vim, qua peperit artem; nam eam definiendo distribuendo colligendo non solum digesserat atque ordinarat verum ab omni etiam falsitatis inreptione defenderat. (De ordine 2.13.38) (8) [...] in hac se ipsa ratio demonstrat atque aperit, quae sit, quid velit, quid valeat. (De ordine 2.13.38) (9) Postremo quando istum virum movebunt aut ulla onera aut ulla pericula aut ulla fastidia aut ulla blandimenta fortunae? (De ordine 2.19.51)

The Beginning or the End :: Eliot Wasteland Maddy Essays

The Beginning or the End Throughout the history of the human race, there have been many unknowns that have been investigated and many obstacles that have been overcome. However, possibly the most mysterious question to people still stands unknown to everyone after all of these years. That is the question of what happens after life. What kind of transition, if any, is there to a new life or whatever may occur after death? Many people have many different ideas and feelings regarding death. Some people have rituals that are performed after a person’s demise which theoretically have the purpose of providing them with a good "afterlife" or at least making sure that they go "there" at the end of their life on earth. Regardless of what is envisioned occurring at the end of our lives here on earth, it remains that death is the biggest unknown that is left to all of mankind. And at least with our current technology, and probably that which we will have in the near future, we have no way of solving the biggest mystery of life. "I will show you fear in a handful of dust." This probably wouldn’t have ever become a famous or noticeable quote, or even a meaningful one for that matter, had it not been for the poem, The Wasteland, and also the context in which it was written. However, it is very insightful and a very deep thought which can provoke a lot of detailed and heated discussion simply because of the issue that it surrounds. This quote is applied to the poem, The Wasteland, and also, No Past, No Present, No Future, and is tied deeply into the plot of the story. Regardless of how it is brought up or whether it is used to analyze another piece of work though, this universal concept of life, death, and whatever occurs after death is a very difficult one to approach. Excluding a few brave individuals and some remote cultures that both may welcome death or at least be open to it for spiritual reasons or otherwise, the majority of the human population has an immense fear of death, of the unknown. In light of this it should come as no surprise that a deep appreciation of life could be presented in any writing in which it would be appropriate. The Wasteland and No Past No Present No Future are two completely different pieces of literature that very few similarities and relations to each other, especially in context and style. The Beginning or the End :: Eliot Wasteland Maddy Essays The Beginning or the End Throughout the history of the human race, there have been many unknowns that have been investigated and many obstacles that have been overcome. However, possibly the most mysterious question to people still stands unknown to everyone after all of these years. That is the question of what happens after life. What kind of transition, if any, is there to a new life or whatever may occur after death? Many people have many different ideas and feelings regarding death. Some people have rituals that are performed after a person’s demise which theoretically have the purpose of providing them with a good "afterlife" or at least making sure that they go "there" at the end of their life on earth. Regardless of what is envisioned occurring at the end of our lives here on earth, it remains that death is the biggest unknown that is left to all of mankind. And at least with our current technology, and probably that which we will have in the near future, we have no way of solving the biggest mystery of life. "I will show you fear in a handful of dust." This probably wouldn’t have ever become a famous or noticeable quote, or even a meaningful one for that matter, had it not been for the poem, The Wasteland, and also the context in which it was written. However, it is very insightful and a very deep thought which can provoke a lot of detailed and heated discussion simply because of the issue that it surrounds. This quote is applied to the poem, The Wasteland, and also, No Past, No Present, No Future, and is tied deeply into the plot of the story. Regardless of how it is brought up or whether it is used to analyze another piece of work though, this universal concept of life, death, and whatever occurs after death is a very difficult one to approach. Excluding a few brave individuals and some remote cultures that both may welcome death or at least be open to it for spiritual reasons or otherwise, the majority of the human population has an immense fear of death, of the unknown. In light of this it should come as no surprise that a deep appreciation of life could be presented in any writing in which it would be appropriate. The Wasteland and No Past No Present No Future are two completely different pieces of literature that very few similarities and relations to each other, especially in context and style.

How the World Began Essay

There was no world yet and there were gods living in a great brightness in a circular space Magbabaya, Dadanyahan and Makabughaw were the three gods who first lived in order and balance Makabughaw created the first wind. Magbabaya created the earth from the soil coming from Dadanyahan’s mouth but it was dry and colorless. Dadanyahan sprinkled his saliva and blessed by Magbabaya and it was the first rain. When water washed over the earth it created different landforms and water forms. Vegetation also sprouted and grow. Magbabaya and Makabughaw scoped some soil and made a figure with the use of Dadanyahan’s saliva. They put bones, blood vessels and blood to the seven figures they formed. Magbabaya and Dadanyahan fight about the figures. The weapons they used in fighting, sank to the ground and became the sources of metals for transportation. They agreed to end their fights and made the final form of the figures, Dadanyahan got the six figures. Magbabaya had only one figure and it was the first human who become the guardians of the soil, water, and marine life, the plants, forests. How the World Began Bukidnon Folktale I. SETTING The story happened before earth was created where the gods lived up in the sky. It is evident by the words, â€Å"†¦long long time ago in Banting, a circular space of great brightness encircled with a rainbow.† II. CHARACTERS 1. Magbabaya – the one-headed god, who took pity on Makabughaw and decided to build an extension so the poor Makabughaw could rest. Since the beginning of the story he is a round character, he was sometimes helpful but most of the time bossy and making orders. Although in the end he turned mad and engaged in fight, it was only the course of his actions. 2. Dadanyahan – the ten-headed god, who can give whatever the two gods needed in order tto build or to make something. He is a dynamic character for he has changes in his attitudes in the course of story. From understanding and giving, he turned to be mad. 3. Makabughaw – the winged god had to flap his wings continuously to maintain his balance. He sat riskily between Mabgagaya abd Dadanyan. He made his first wind. He is a flat character, because he did not undergo any substantial change or growth in the course of the story. He was always a helper to the two other gods and just follow what they wished for. III. PLOT a. Exposition The three gods where living harmoniously in the circular space of great brightness. At first there was only wind and no more. They agreed to make the earth so Makabughaw could rest. From the saliva of Dadanyahan and the blessings of Magbabaya, they were also able to make the first rain that shaped the different water and landforms on the earth and made the land vegetative. b. Rising Action After making the earth and the different land, water forms and different plants, they thought there would be someone who will take care of their creations. So they agreed to form images look like them. Dadanyahan’s saliva and a blessing of Magbabaya and the labor of Makabughaw. c. Climax After the seventh figure was molded, Magbabaya had to live to do other things and he told to Dadanyahan not to tamper the image, but Dadanyahan did  and used his creative talents. This brought them into huge fight. d. Falling Action To end the fight they agreed to divide the images. Dadanyahan got the six images which became the engkantos and Magbabaya got only one image. e. Denouement The first human being sprung from the only image of Magbabaya and the small bits of clay from the image became the animals. IV. CONFLICT MAN vs. MAN – The conflict happened between the two characters of the story when they did not want to give way to each other. V. THEME Temptation and destruction Dadanyahan was tempted to touch the image and used his creativity on them, but he just made unwanted creatures that is why they had a big fight. It alsodestructed his friendship with Magbabaya.

New Code Raises Standards of Pharmaceutical Ethics and Practice in UK Essay

1. Introduction Pharmacists play a role in the public health system and the provision of medical care public health system as critical as that of physicians. Most of the time, pharmacists only fill the prescriptions coming from physicians, but pharmacists often need to prescribe and dispense medicines on their own, especially over-the-counter drugs that people usually use for self-medication of common ailments.   With less prudence and circumspection, pharmacists may prescribe medicines that do more harm than good.   In recognition of these potential threats to the integrity of the pharmaceutical profession, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) has developed a new code of ethics and performance framework, which provide that pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in the whole of UK receive quality education necessary for fostering the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values to provide a consistent and safe practice. In formulating the new pharmaceutical code of ethics, the Society, as the RPSGB is more popularly known in UK, noted how the profession has been smeared by controversies involving some of its members, regarding issues on assisted suicide, making a prescription error, sedating an unruly patient, dispensing high-cost drugs and recommending treatment that would allow parole7,,8.  Ã‚   This paper discusses the revised code of ethics for British pharmacists and pharmacy technicians as to the likelihood of its lifting the professional practice of pharmacy to new heights of ethical proficiency and integrity. 2. Literature Review The requirements of the revised code reflect key issues for modern pharmacy practice, such as encouraging patients to be involved in decisions about their care, respecting patient choice and working in partnership with other healthcare professionals8.   All the provisions of the code are supposed to reflect in the conduct, practice and performance of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, designed as it is to promote and support a culture of accountability and professional judgment.  Ã‚   For this reason, the code sets out seven principles of ethical practice that pharmacists or pharmacy technicians need to observe in the pursuit of their profession.   2.1. Key Principles The revised code of ethics is based on seven principles, each of which is supported by requirements that explain the types of actions and behaviors expected of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians when applying said principles in practice. The seven principles are: 1) make the care of patients the pharmacist’s first concern; 2) exercise professional judgment in the interests of patients and the public, 3) show respect for others, 4) encourage patients to participate in decisions about their care, 5) develop professional knowledge and competence, 6) be honest and trustworthy, and 7) take responsibility for your working practices. Unlike previous versions, detailed standards and guidance will be produced separately from the code. Seven professional standards and guidance documents have also been developed to support and expand on the principles of the new code of ethics in the following areas: †¢ Patient consent †¢ Patient confidentiality †¢ Sale and supply of medicines †¢ Pharmacist prescribers †¢ Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in positions of authority †¢ Advertising †¢ Internet pharmacy This means that people are forbidden to accept pharmaceutical work when they do not possess the necessary skills and competence7.   If they do have the proper knowledge and experience, the code says that the pharmacist should start work by establishing the scope of his role and responsibilities and clarifying any ambiguities or uncertainties about where his responsibilities lie.   In addition to complying with his legal and professional obligations, the pharmacist is also expected to keep up to date with and observe the laws, statutory codes and professional obligations relevant to his particular responsibilities8.   2.2. Role and Responsibilities If subject is a pharmacy owner, superintendent pharmacist or pharmacy manager in a hospital, trust, or other field of practice, the code obliges him to set the standards and policies for the provision of pharmacy services by his organization.   The idea is to make the organization – its premises, departments or facilities – properly maintained so that none of its activities would bring the pharmaceutical profession into disrepute.   For this purpose, all the medicines, pharmaceutical ingredients, devices and other stocks at the pharmacy premises or facilities are stored under conditions appropriate to the nature and stability of these products.  Ã‚   In hiring people, management of a pharmacy must conduct background check to ensure that they are qualified for the job and have no criminal records1. The code deems it important that the people employed in a pharmacy are conscientious enough to raise concerns about risks to patients or the public.   Thus, the pharmacy should emplace an appropriate and effective mechanism for staff to raise concerns about risks to patients or the public, including concerns about inadequate resources, policies and procedures, or problems with the health, behavior or the professional performance of others.   2.3. Ethical Development Ethical practice in any profession is commonly perceived to be the outcome of good education and training.   However, studies in the UK context reveal that classroom discussion and experiential clerkship training have no significant impact on the ethical decisions that pharmacists make later3.   In an interview of pharmacy students regarding parole and drug rationing, it was found that majority would recommend treatment to allow parole and restrict the use of expensive drugs6. The ethical choice here is between the benefits to the patient and the risks or costs to society. On physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia, few students expressed willingness to dispense any lethal dose of medication to terminally ill patients.   In cases of unruly patients, however, more students would dispense the appropriate sedative.   These responses give rise to questions so to whether pharmacy students are trained to be patient-focused in their future practice3. The code also specifies training on such aspects of pharmaceutical practice as good consultation skills and meticulous record keeping.   To the code, it matters if pharmacists forget to ask questions in a medication review or in dispensing a repeat prescription; or misinterpret body language and miss cues from patients about emerging problems. The reason is that pharmacists may be the only healthcare professional the patient is seeing routinely so it matters if they miss something or handle a clinical situation poorly.   2.4. Advertised Drugs A recent randomized controlled trial using model patients found that patient requests for advertised drugs were a stronger determinant of prescribing decisions than whether or not the patient had the condition the drug aimed to treat2. Another study of prescribing decisions in response to patient requests found that if a patient asks for an advertised brand, he usually receives it, although the physician is more likely to be ambivalent about these prescribing decisions6. These studies suggest a need for physicians and pharmacists to receive adequate training on how to respond to patient requests. The global withdrawal of the drug Rofecoxib from the market in 2004 illustrates this point. Rofecoxib was no more effective than alternative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in treating the symptoms of arthritis but it was widely promoted as safer and accepted by the public as such. Although there were studies that it brought the side effect of increased heart disease risks, the drug made it big in the market, with 80 million prescriptions worldwide3.   The market success of the drug is a testament to the triumph of marketing over science.   Only after the US Food and Drug Administration reported 35,000 cases of cardiac arrests and a congressional investigation was consequently held that the drug was pulled out.   The incident highlighted the need to ensure that health professionals are adequately prepared to evaluate promotional claims, and to assess and understand interactions with the pharmaceutical industry2. 3. Discussion Educators in many countries are clearly aware of the influence of pharmaceutical promotion on the health professions and wish to prepare students for this aspect of their professional lives. As a physician educator from India said, â€Å"†¦Whatever rational things we want to inculcate in them, that should be done in the student period itself. Once they taste big money then habits develop and later die hard9.†Ã‚   This is precisely the habit the code of ethics for UK pharmacists seeks to discourage. On pharmacy education, the literature agrees that there is no consistent, well-designed and deliberate approach to teaching students ethics during clerkship. Moreover, it has been observed that factors such as life experiences and normal maturation are likely to contribute to the students’ ethical development.   Acknowledging these limitations, the code simply seeks to determine if there were noticeable changes in the ethical decisions made by students at different points in their education. Since it was seen that classroom and clerkship experiences do not impact on the ethical decisions made by pharmacy students, the code encourages pharmacy schools to attend to this problem.   On top of the proposed agenda is a revision of the curriculum such that it can provide a deliberate and consistent ethical component to the clerkship experience5. A review of ethics literature in medicine and pharmacy found that pharmacy schools lag considerably behind medical schools in the integration of ethics into the curriculum1.   Additionally, medical schools were found to use a more patient-oriented approach to teaching ethics.   It is believed that a patient-oriented, clerkship-based approach could enhance ethics education and is worthy of further study.   The Society is thus currently making efforts to more effectively design and study alternative approaches to ethics education during clerkship, and throughout the pharmacy curriculum8. 4. Commentary The finding that pharmacy students do not learn ethical behavior from their classroom and clerkship experience in UK casts doubt on full compliance with the code of ethics for this type of healthcare professionals. The above studies conclude that students have a less defined professional ethical system, which may be due to a lack of pharmacy practice experience. They recommend that further studies be done to document the ethical growth and development of pharmacy students. Other authors have suggested that future studies longitudinally evaluate the influence of pharmaceutical education and training on the moral development and ethical behavior of students. Furthermore, it has also been suggested that ethics education should include both theoretical and practical components.   If the code of ethics has to influence the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, concerned authorities must take these suggestions to heart.   Otherwise, the code will only be good on paper.

Barriers to communication Essay Example for Free (#4)

Barriers to communication Essay 1.3 Identify barriers to effective communication A child, young person, their parent(s)/carer(s) or even a member of staff whose first language is foreign may make it harder for any communication spoken to them to be understood. They may only understand very small words of the language you’re speaking, so information will be harder to put across. For example; in my setting, there is a child who can understand what you are saying, but it seems, most of the time they seem very quiet. This may be due to their parent(s) being from a foreign country, so they may be able to communicate in their parent(s) language, but not in ours so may find it hard to communicate some of their needs/feelings. Someone may have a sensory deprivation – such as hearing or sight. This will make giving and receiving information harder to do – they may need an interpreter at all times for example. When talking to a service provider, they may use technical language that the service user may not understand which will make it harder for them to process the information and may worry what they have meant. Someone may be going through a difficult time that is making their emotions go all over the place – such as they may take things the wrong way, get upset easily, no full concentration and not trying as hard to complete/do things. Environmental/setting problems can cause a barrier for a communication – someone who may not be able to see very well will find it hard to read any written information in a dimly lit room. Or, for example, someone in a wheelchair can find it hard to communicate with someone if they are at a desk that is above the wheelchair users head. Barriers to communication. (2016, Aug 05). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Management - Essay Example To be precise, the model measures the extent of competitive advantages that a firm possesses within a particular industry setting (Pascal, Widiantoro, Nguyen & Sharief, 2011). Emphasising on this understanding, the discussion henceforth will intend to discuss about the competitive positions of services industry in Canada. The extent of competitiveness of this industrial sector will be ascertained with the assistance of Porter’s Diamond Theory. Determination of Competitive Position of Services Industry in Canada by Porter’s Diamond Theory ‘Porter’s Diamond theory’ has been devised with the motive of determining the conditions of local environment where a firm is operational. This model identifies both internal as well as external capabilities of a firm in order to determine its competitiveness. The theory has been devised with the intention of ascertaining the competitive position of a firm with the advancement of technological factors. Barragan (2005 ) also noted that companies improve competitiveness with increased productivity and acquiring innovation through the use of advanced technologies. Indigenous firms are identified to be the major contributor towards the development of the economic conditions of a country which mostly represent the service organisations (Barragan, 2005). Notably, there are six variables which are included in the model. Among the six variables, four factors are identified as the determinants of the level of competitiveness a firm possesses which include ‘the related and supplier industries’, demand conditions and ‘firm strategy, structure and rivalry’. The other two factors are considered as indirect factors or outside sources such as government and chance which are determined to be influencing the competitiveness as well as performance of a firm (Karacsony, 2008). The six variables of the model can be precisely identified from the graphical representation below. Porter's Diam ond model framework Source: (Markus, 2008) Factor Conditions Factor conditions comprise of numerous factors which include skilful labour forces, availability of natural resources and adopting advanced technologies. These factors are recognised to be necessary to drive enhanced performances as well as to compete effectively in the global market segments. In this regard, companies performing business operations with greater accessibility of natural resources as well as with ample labour forces at economically profitable rate will assist a company to attain competitive advantages. Moreover, companies adopt advanced technologies and Research and Development (R&D) facilities with the intention of creating better innovative and differential products for better competitiveness. The availability of these factors at a low rate is quite likely to aid the companies towards performing their business activities successfully within a competitive market environment (Bakan & Dogan, 2012; Cini & Nat er, 2010). Canada is demonstrated to excel in relation to services industry which has been currently reported to be accountable for a growth of over 70% in relation to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Moreover, this industrial sector is also responsible for providing employment opportunities to around three quarter of the population of Canada. This business sector comprises of industries which offers intangible products as well as services. Furthermore, the companies which

Online shopping players Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online shopping players - Case Study Example This is to ensure that the goods arrive when and where the customers need them. There are three online stores focusing on the above factors for marketing their merchandise; they are the focus of this paper. Lane Crawford deals with fashion items. The website is very easy to navigate through. The very first tabs are ‘Women’, ‘Men’, ‘Lifestyle & Gifts’, and ‘Discover’ in that order. Anyone looking for designer clothes and fashion accessories for women just needs to click the first tab and several options are shown. The individual can click on the various designer brands or select the shoes, clothing, bags, and other accessories they need. The business offers free international delivery. In Net A Porter, the second online marketplace for high-end fashion products, the statement â€Å"The world’s premier online luxury fashion destination† meets the customer. Like in Lane Crawford, navigating through this website is quite easy too. The main difference, however, is that the options are more in Net A Porter. The very first tabs contain the items ‘Sale’, ‘What’s New’, ‘Designers’, ‘Clothing’, ‘Bags’, ‘Shoes’, ‘Accessories’, ‘Lingerie’, ‘Sport’, ‘Beauty’, ‘Gifts’, ‘Magazines’ in that order. Such neat layout of items is what makes it easy for customers to reach for whatever they are looking for. After clicking on say bags, a few items will present the customer but they can also go ahead and select the type of the bags they need or even the designer of the bag from a list of options on the left hand side of the items. Luisaviaroma is another luxury shop. The layout is quite similar to those of the above shops only that there is a slideshow of photos showing individuals wearing custom made attires. Nonetheless, the very first tabs are ‘Men’, ‘Women’, ‘Kids’, ‘Home’, ‘Designers’, and ‘Sale’ in that order. While this presents an easy way to navigate